17.1

Question 1

what are the 3 structural isomers

Answer 1

functional group
chain isomerism
position isomerism

Question 2

what are the 2 stereoisomers

Answer 2

geometric
optical

Question 3

what are structural isomers

Answer 3

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 4

what are chain isomers

Answer 4

they have different patterns of branching in their carbon chains

Question 5

what are positional isomers

Answer 5

the same functional group is attached to different carbon atoms in the chain

Question 6

what are stereoisomers

Answer 6

same structural formula but atoms/groups are arranged differently in 3D

Question 7

what are geometric isomers

Answer 7

their atoms/groups are attached at different positions on opposite sides of a C=C

Question 8

what are optical isomers

Answer 8

non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Question 9

define chiral

Answer 9

an atom in a molecule that means it’s a non-superimposable form

Question 10

what are asymmetric carbon atoms

Answer 10

carbon atoms in a molecule that is joined to 4 different atoms/groups

Question 11

what makes a molecule optically active

Answer 11

if it rotates that plane of polarization of plane-polarized light

Question 12

define plane polarized light

Answer 12

monochromatic light that has oscillations in only one plane

Question 13

define unpolarized light

Answer 13

has oscillations in all planes at right angles to the direction of travel

Question 14

what is a polarimeter

Answer 14

the apparatus used to measure that angle of rotation caused by a substance

Question 15

what is a racemic mixture

Answer 15

an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers that has no optical activity

Question 16

what is an analyser

Answer 16

a material that allows plane polarized light to pass through it

Question 17

whats the one difference in chemical properties of enantiomers

Answer 17

the way in which they react with enantiomers of other substances

Question 18

what is the one difference in physical properties of enantiomers

Answer 18

they rotate plane polarized light by the same angle in opposite direction

Question 19

what is a racemic mixture

Answer 19

an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers that has no optical activity

Question 20

what does SN2 stand for

Answer 20

S - substitution
N - nucleophilic
2 - biomolecular & 2nd order

Question 21

what does bimolecular mean

Answer 21

two species are involved in the rate determining step

Question 22

what occurs to the arrangement if the 3 groups attached to the central carbon in an SN2 reaction

Answer 22

the groups become inverted

Question 23

why is the optical activity of the product different from the reactant

Answer 23

due to the inversion of the molecule

Question 24

if the reactant of an SN2 reaction is dextrorotary what is the product

Answer 24

laevorotatory

Question 25

if the reactant of an SN2 reaction is laevorotatory what is the product

Answer 25

dextorotatory

Question 26

what does SN1 stand for

Answer 26

S - substitution
N - nucleophilic
1 - unimolecular & 1st order

Question 27

what does unimolecular mean

Answer 27

inly one species is involved in the rate determining step

Question 28

explain why there are 2 products formed in an SN1 reaction

Answer 28

the original halogenoalkane has a tetrahedral shape but then creates a carbocation with a planar shape meaning there is equal chance of the OH attacking from the L or the R in equal numbers

Question 29

what mixture is formed from an SN1 reaction

Answer 29

racemic mixture

Question 30

what happens to optical activity when an SN1 reaction occurs

Answer 30

the products optical activity is 0 due to the racemic mixture that is formed

Question 31

which mechanisms occur for primary, secondary & tertiary halogenoalkanes

Answer 31

primary - SN2
secondary - SN1 & SN2
tertiary - SN1