1.4 Adapatation to Injury and stress

Question 1

Hypertrophy

Answer 1

increase in size of cells leading to an increase in size of tissue

Question 2

Physiological hypertorphy

Answer 2

Uterus during pregnancy–>SM cells get largers (but note these cells can also divide)
Skeletal muscle–>by over working

Question 3

Pathological hypertrophy

Answer 3

heart because of hypertension–>short term this is good to pump against a pressure gradient but in the long term that’s a problem

Question 4

Causes of hypertrophy (3)

Answer 4

Mechanical stimulus - cardiac and skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Growth factor stimulation - endocrine stimulation at puberty - not a good example

increased functional demad - unilateral nephrectormy –>take out one, other one grows–glomeruli get huge

Question 5

In Myocardial hypertrophy the size

Answer 5

increases

Question 6

What happens to ANF in myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 6

it is normally not expressed but gets expressed to decrease cell volume, lowering load and lowering pressure

Question 7

Proteins expressed in Myocardial hypertrophy (6)

Answer 7

c-fos, jun, EGRF, fetal contractile proteins (beta myosin-more energy efficient but dec atpase activity), growth factors (TGF -beta, IGF -1)

Question 8

What is the end result of myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 8

degeneration

Question 9

The hearts of well trained athletes have vs myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 9

good ability to dialate and increase stroke volume vs only an increase in heart rate

Question 10

Hyperplasia

Answer 10

inc in no. of cells resulting in inc size

Question 11

Physiological hyperplasia

Answer 11

lactating breast

Question 12

Pathological hyperplasia

Answer 12

overstimulation by hormones e.g. enlargement of the prostate; inc risk of cancer

Question 13

Causes of hyperplasia

Answer 13

viral induced - warts

growth factor stimulation - endocrine or stress- induced

ex.
- endometrial proliferation with each menstral cycle
- callus formation
- erythroid hyperplasia under chronic hypoxic conditions

Question 14

Atrophy

Answer 14

decrease in size and often fn of cells, generally associated with a decrease in size and or fn of a tissue or organ

Question 15

Causes of Atrophy (7)

Answer 15

Disues atrophy of muscle - voluntary or denervation-induced
dec blood supply
inadequate nutrition
loss of endocrine stimulation
loss of growth factors
aging
pressure

Question 16

Mechanisms of atrophy

Answer 16

inc catabolism
inc ubiquiting proteosome pathway
inc lysosomal degredation

Question 17

Metaplasia

Answer 17

replacement of one differentiated cell type by another with change in stem cell differentiation

Question 18

causes of metaplasia

Answer 18

chronic irritation - squamous metaplasia in respiratory tract in response to tobacco smoke

chronic gerd - distal esophagus change in response to gastric acid (barrot’s esophagus)

Question 19

Dysplasia

Answer 19

abnormal or disorderly growth recognized by a change in size shape and or organization of cells within a tissue

Question 20

Anaplasia

Answer 20

complete loss of morphological differentiation

Question 21

Neoplasia

Answer 21

autonomous new growth

Question 22

Benign neoplasia

Answer 22

fibroids

Question 23

Malignant neoplasia

Answer 23

carcinoma

Question 24

Cellular accumulations (5)

Answer 24

lipids (fats and cholesterol) Proteins Hyalin change glycogen pigments

Question 25

Alcoholism sublethal changes in the liver (5)

Answer 25

fatty change                
alcoholic hyaline               
megamitochondria                  
mitochondrial crystals                
proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

Hyaline in liver

Answer 26

intermediate filaments

Question 27

Pompe

Answer 27

glycogen accumulates in the body, specifically in the heart and child dies by age of 2 from heart failure

Question 28

Protein accumulation

Answer 28

proteinuria and resoption in proximal tubules excess secretory protein: russell bodies in plasma cells

defects in folding and transport: alpha1 antitrysin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia

protein damage

Question 29

Mineral and Pigment deposition

Answer 29

hemosiderin

Question 30

Hemosiderosis vs hemochromatosis

Answer 30

no scarring vs scarring

Question 31

hemosiderin in lungs

Answer 31

heart failure

Question 32

Lipofuscin

Answer 32

insolulbe brownish yellow intracellular pigment that accumulates with age

complexes of lipid and protein derived from peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes

Question 33

Lipofuscin is seen in

Answer 33

long lived cells like cardiac myocytes and neurons

Question 34

Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 34

deposition of Ca in tissues in sites of chronic cell death and inflammation

Question 35

Metastatic calcification

Answer 35

percipitation of Ca due to metabolic problem

Question 36

Hyaline change

Answer 36

since hyalin is just telling you its pink it can be many substances - mallory’s hyaline, hyaline membrane disease

Question 37

Mallory Hyaline

Answer 37

in liver due to ethanol

Question 38

hyaline in lung

Answer 38

fibrin

Question 39

Aging

Answer 39

rate at which you age could be a disease – werner’s

Question 40

Fewer doubling times of fibroblasts suggests

Answer 40

more clotting, seen in older people or in diseases like werner’s

Question 41

Enzyme that works against aging

Answer 41

telomerase

Question 42

Calories and aging

Answer 42

more calories means more accumulation of unwanted substances so fater aging