Meninges and Blood Vessels (6A part 2)

Question 0

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

Answer 0

1. Periosteal layer

2. Meningeal layer

Question 1

What is the outermost meningeal layer? What does it attach to?

Answer 1

Dura mater ; it is attached to the interior surface of the skull

Question 2

What structures are found between the two layers of the rural mater?

Answer 2

Venous sinuses (including superior sagittal and lateral sinuses)

Question 3

Which layer is found deep to the dura mater?

Answer 3

Arachnoid mater

Question 4

What space is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

Answer 4

Subdural space

Question 5

What meningeal layer is adherent to the surface of brain and thus is the deepest layer?

Answer 5

Pia mater ; separates the brain from the CSF in the subarachnoid space

Question 6

Where is the epidural space located?

Answer 6

Between the skull and dura mater

Question 7

What space is between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater? What is found in this space?

Answer 7

Subarachnoid space. It is filled with CSF

Question 8

What two spaces in the meninges are potential spaces, i.e. they do not exist under normal circumstances?

Answer 8

1. Epidural space

2. Subdural space

Question 9

Which space is likely to have an arterial bleed?

Answer 9

Epidural space. (Esp after injury that fractures the skull, the middle meningeal artery may bleed –> epidural bleed; may separate the dura from the skull)

Question 10

What space usually has venous bleeds into it?

Answer 10

Subdural space (bridging veins connecting the Dural venous sinuses may rupture)

Question 11

What kind of injury may cause a subdural bleed?

Answer 11

Things causing shear, like shaking the head. Often a cause of death in “shaking baby syndrome”

Question 12

Other than CSF, what resides in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 12

Large blood vessels positioned at the base of the brain and surrounding it. Rupture may lead to blood in the Subarachnoid space

Question 13

What are two possible causes of a subarachnoid hemorrhage or subarachnoid hematoma? (I.e. Blood in the subarachnoid space)

Answer 13

Stroke or rupture of arterial aneurysm

Question 14

What two structures are formed by the dura mater that help separate different compartments of the brain?

Answer 14

1. Falx cerebri

2. Tentorium cerebelli

Question 15

What does the falx cerebri partially separate?

Answer 15

The right and left hemispheres of the brain

Question 16

What venous sinus runs along the superior border of the falx cerebri?

Answer 16

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 17

What two areas does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

Answer 17

Middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa (which is also known as infratentorial compartment, which contains the cerebellum and brainstem)

Question 18

What two nerves innervated the dura mater in order to sense cranial swelling?

Answer 18

1. Meningeal branch of trigeminal n. (V) - Ant. and middle cranial fossae
2. Vagus n. (X); (meningeal branches)

Question 19

Although the spinal cord is covered by meninges very similarly to the brain, which two layers proceed out into the peripheral nerves?

Answer 19

1. Dura mater

2. Arachnoid mater

Question 20

What does the dura mater form when in a peripheral nerve?

Answer 20

Epineurium

Question 21

What does the arachnoid mater form when in a peripheral nerve?

Answer 21

Perineurium

Question 22

What two major pairs arteries serve the brain?

Answer 22

1. Internal carotid a. (right and left)

2. Vertebral a. (right and left)

Question 23

Which arteries (one on each side) supply the face, scalp, and the meninges overlying the brain?

Answer 23

External carotid ; ( common carotids bifurcate into internal and external at the level of the angle of the jaw)

Question 24

What is the first branch off the internal carotid arteries, just at the apex of the hairpin turn they take after entering the cranium throughou the carotid canal?

Answer 24

Ophthalmic a.

Question 25

What two arteries do the internal carotids branch into after the hairpin turn (when headed back towards the dorsum)?

Answer 25

Middle and anterior cerebral a.

Question 26

What artery does the vertebral artery brach off of ( this happens on both sides)?

Answer 26

Subclavian artery

Question 27

At what level do the vertebral arteries enter the vertebral foramen?

Answer 27

At the C6 level

Question 28

What artery do the right and left vertebral arteries fuse to form? At the junction of what two structures does this occur?

Answer 28

Basilar a. Occurs at the junction of the pons and medulla

Question 29

What are the terminal branches (right and left of same name) of the basilar artery? (Hint: involved in Circle of Willis

Answer 29

Posterior cerebral a. (Right and left)

Question 30

Which arteries connect the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral a., thus forming the posterior part of the Circle of Willis?

Answer 30

Posterior communicating arteries. (There is one on each side)

Question 31

What artery connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries, completing the anterior portion of the Circle of Willis?

Answer 31

Anterior communicating artery; (there is only one of these, in contrast to the post. communicating arteries in which there is one on each side

Question 32

What is the functional significance of the Circle of Willis?

Answer 32

Allows for collateral blood flow to one or more of the major brain arteries is one is obstructed or occluded.

Question 33

Which artery supplies the lateral side of the cortex?

Answer 33

Middle cerebral artery

Question 34

Which artery supplies the medial/interior aspect of the cortex?

Answer 34

Anterior cerebral artery

Question 35

Which artery supplies the cortex on the inferior, posterior surface and also the interior side of the cortex?

Answer 35

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 36

What 2 venous sinuses draino into the straight sinus, located at the inferior, posterior margin of the falx cerebri?

Answer 36

1. Great cerebral vein of Galen | 2. Inferior sagittal sinus

Question 37

What two venous sinuses merge to form the confluence of sinuses?

Answer 37

1. Straight sinus 2. Superior sagittal sinus (Transverse sinuses, one on either side also communicate with the confluence; these should drain the sinus though)

Question 38

Occlusion of major venous sinuses may cause what?

Answer 38

Seizures, tissue damage, or CSF backup