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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 4:Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4:Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is a group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities?

A

Tissues

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2
Q

What includes various types of cels, ranging from hard (bone) to semisolid (fat) to liquid (blood)?

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Of all the cells in the body, they combine to make only 4 basic tissue types. They are?

A

Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissues

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4
Q

What tissues cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts?

A

Epithelial

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5
Q

What tissues (C.T.) protect, support, and bind organs?

A

Connective

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6
Q

Fat is what type of tissue that stores energy.

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are also a type of this tissue.

A

Connective tissues

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7
Q

What tissues generate the physical force needed to make body structures move? They also generate heat used by the body.

A

Muscular

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8
Q

What tissues detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses?

A

Nervous

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9
Q

Tissues of the body develop from what three primary germ layers?

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm

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10
Q

What tissues develop from all three germ layers.

A

Epithelial

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11
Q

C.T. and muscle are

derived from what germ layer?

A

mesoderm

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12
Q

Nervous tissue develops from

what germ layer?

A

ectoderm.

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13
Q

What tissue is used to line surfaces and form protective barriers. This tissue is also good at secreting things like mucous, hormones, and other substances.

A

Epithelium

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14
Q

All epithelia tissue have a

free ____ surface and an attached ____surface.?

A

apical,

basal

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15
Q

What are named according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or arrangement of their layers (of cells).

A

Epithelia Cells

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16
Q

What is composed of a single layer of flat cells.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

What makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels?

A

Simple squamous Epithelium

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18
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium cells are found where?

A

In the air sacs of lungs,
In the lining of blood
vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels,
In all capillaries, including those of the kidney
As the major part of a
serous membrane

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19
Q

What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium?

A

Filtration such as blood in the kidneys or diffusion such as diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels of lungs.

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20
Q

What is composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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21
Q

What is often found lining
the tubules of the
kidneys and many
other glands.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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22
Q

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Seceretion and absorption

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23
Q

What forms a single layer of column-like cells, ± cilia, ± microvilli, ± mucous (goblet cells).

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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24
Q

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A

Cila beat in unison, moving muscus and foreign particles tward throat, where the can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out.

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25
Q

Where is Simple Columnar Epithelium found in the body?

A

Lines some bronchioles of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain.

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26
Q 
What cells are simple 
columnar cells that 
have differentiated to 
acquire the ability to 
secrete mucous.
A

Goblet

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27
Q

What is a prominent feature of the outer layers

of the skin.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

What appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface.

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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29
Q

What has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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30
Q

The many layers of Stratified Squamous Epithelium are ideal for?

A

protection against

strong friction forces.

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31
Q

What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

Protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion. Both types form first line of defense against microbes.

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32
Q

What has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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33
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium cells are found where?

A

Locations include the sweat
glands and part of the
♂ urethra

34
Q

What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Protection; limited secretion and absorption

35
Q

The cells of ____ ____ change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue.

A

Transitional Epithelium

36
Q

What is found in the bladder.

A

Transitional Epithelium

37
Q

Transitional Epithelium are found where?

A

Bladder

38
Q

What is the function of Transitional Epitheluim?

A

Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining whild holding variable amount of fluid without rupturing.

39
Q

What is common in the digestive tract.

A

Columnar Epithelium

40
Q

What lines ducts and sweat glands.

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

41
Q

What Tissue is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types.

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

42
Q

Where is Areolar Connective Tissue found?

A

In and around nearly every body structure thus called the packing material of the body.

43
Q

What is the function of Areolar Connective Tissue?

A

It is used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a packing between glands, muscles, and nerves.

44
Q

What Tissue is located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints?

A

Adipose tissue

45
Q

Where is adipose Tissue found in the body?

A

Wherever areolar connective tissue is located: subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket.

46
Q

What is the function of Adipose tissue?

A

It reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy source.

47
Q

What tissue is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells?

A

Reticular connective tissue

48
Q

What is the function of Reticular connective tissue

A

It forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

49
Q

Where is Reticular Connective Tissue found in the body?

A

Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow; reticular lamina of basment membrane; around blood vessels.

50
Q

What Tissue comprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle pulling on a bone)?

A

Dense regular Connective Tissue.

51
Q

What is the function of Dense regular Connective Tissue?

A

Provides strong atachment between various structures. Tissues structure withstands pulling along long axis of fibers.

52
Q

Where is Dense regular Connective Tissue found in the body?

A

Forms tendons (attaches muscles to bone), most ligaments (attaches bone to bone) and aponeuroses (sheet like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)

53
Q

What Tissue consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged?

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.

54
Q

What is the function of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

A

It provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions.

55
Q

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found in the body?

A

Often occures in sheets, such as fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart, pericardium of heart, bone, cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs. Also in heart valves.

56
Q

What tissue consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers.

A

Elastic Connective Tissue

57
Q

What is the function of Elastic Connective Tissue

A

It allows stretching of certain tissues like the elastic arteries (the aorta).

58
Q

Where is Elastic Connective Tissue found in the body?

A

Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, ans some ligaments between vertebrae.

59
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage; it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.
It provides a smooth surface for joint movement.

A

Hyaline cartilage

60
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found in the body?

A

At the end of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton.

61
Q

What is the function of Hyaline cartilage?

A

Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexabilty, and support; weakest types of cartilage.

62
Q

What cartilage consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers.

A

Elastic cartilage

63
Q

Where is Elastic cartilage found in the body?

A

Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), auditory (eustachian) tubes.

64
Q

What is the function of Elastic cartilage?

A

Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

65
Q

With its thick bundles of collagen fibers, what is a very strong, tough cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage

66
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage found in the body?

A

Found in discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the body.

67
Q

What is the function of Fibrocartilage?

A

Support and joining structures togther. Strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.

68
Q

What is a connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix. In the right circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up this tissue.

A

Bone

69
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

Support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissues; serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement.

70
Q

What are atypical liquid connective tissues. It also has fibers (such as fibrin that makes blood clot).

A

Blood and lymph

71
Q

Where is blood found in the body?

A

In blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), within the chambers of the heart.

72
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Red blood cells: transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; white blood cells carry phagocytosis and mediate allergic reactions and immune system responses; platelets: essential for blood clotting.

73
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and an endocrine gland?

A

Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood are called endocrine glands.
Glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct are called exocrine glands.

74
Q

What is the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels? It is a connective tissue that consists of serveral types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix that is similar to blood plasma but with much less protein.

A

Lymph

75
Q

What connects adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells

A

Intracellular Junctions

76
Q

What are the five basic types of cell junctions?

A 
Tight,
Adherens,
Desmosomes , 
Hemidesmosomes, and
Gap Junctions
77
Q

What Junctions make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract.
Cadherin is a glycoprotein
that forms the belt-like “plaque”.

A

Adherens Junctions

78
Q

What Junctions are found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells.
They keep materials from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder.

A

Tight Junctions

79
Q

What junctions act as “spot welds”. They also use cadherin glycoprotein (plus intermediate filaments) to hook into the cytoplasm.

A

Desmosomes junctions

80
Q

What junctions are half-welds that join cells to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes Junctions

81
Q

What Junctions are pores (connexons) that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells. If one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells.

A

Gap Junctions

82
Q

Epithelial tissue is classified according to?

A

according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or arrangement of their layers (of cells).

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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