Hindlimb

Question 0

What will happen if each of the following nerves are damaged?
Sciatic, gluteal, femoral, obturator

Answer 0

Sciatic: limb can't retract
             Hip can't extend 
Gluteal: limb can't abduct
Obturator: limb can't adduct
Femoral: limb can't be flexed or protracted

Question 1

Which muscles make up the femoral triangle?

Answer 1

Pectineus and Adductor (caudal)

Sartorius (cranial)

Question 2

What is the function of menisci?

Answer 2

Cartilage tissue which stabilises the joint, acts as a shock absorber, cushioning

Question 3

Where is the origin and insertion of the gluteal muscles?

Answer 3

O= sacrum and pelvis 
I= greater trochanter of femur

Question 4

In the horse, which digit is the weight bearing digit?

Answer 4

3rd

Question 5

Name the palpable features of the equine pelvis

Answer 5

Tuber coxae
Tuber ischium (deep palpation required)
Greater trochanter of femur

Question 6

How many fused sacral vertebrae make up the sacrum in the horse and dog?

Answer 6

Horse=5

Dog=3

Question 7

What kind of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

Answer 7

Partly cartilaginous, partly synovial, therefore a small joint capsule is present. Capable of very little movement

Question 8

Where does the sacrotuberous/broad ligament run?

Answer 8

From dorsal sacrum and C1 to ischiatic tuberosity

Question 9

Which muscles originate from the sacrotuberous/broad ligament?

Answer 9

Biceps femoris
Superficial gluteal
Piriformis
Tenuissimus

Question 10

What is the accessory ligament of the hip joint?

Answer 10

Continuation of the prepubic tendon
Runs from pecten (groove in ventral pelvis), underneath transverse ligament
Under tension due to weight of abdominal contents

Question 11

What is the function of the gluteal muscles in the horse hindlimb?

Answer 11

Limb retractor/hip extensor

No abduction possible in horse hindlimb

Question 12

In the trochlear groove of the femur, what are the 2 parts of the articular surfaces used for?

Answer 12

Vertical=gliding

Horizontal=resting

Question 13

Which sesamoids does a horse have in its distal hindlimb?

Answer 13

Patella

No fabellae or popliteal sesamoid

Question 14

What is bone spavin?

Answer 14

Osteoarthritis of hock joint or end phase of degenerative joint disease
Central and third tarsal bones most commonly affected
Lameness
Joints may fuse

Question 15

Where does the long collateral ligament of the tarsus run?

Where do the short collateral ligaments run?

Answer 15

From the tibia to the metatarsal bone

Bridge bone to bone

Question 16

Which muscle can be used to identify the lateral aspect of the distal joints (horse)?

Answer 16

Peroneus tertius

Question 17

Which tendon can be used to identify the medial aspect of the distal joints (horse)?

Answer 17

Cunean tendon

Question 18

Why is the trochlea angled on the talus (in the horse)?

Answer 18

During flexion, the pes rotates lateral to the forelimbs, preventing ‘over-reach’ injuries
During extension, the pes moves into midline. This concentrates the forces from the stifle and hock extensor muscles (good for jumping)

Question 19

In the equine hindlimb, what nerves does the tibial nerve give off?

Answer 19

Plantar nerves (become plantar digital)
Plantar metatarsal nerves

Question 20

Name the 3 nerve blocks in the equine hindlimb

Answer 20

Plantar digital
Abaxial sesamoid
Plantar metatarsal (6 point block c.f. 4 point in FL)