1750 to 1900 (Units 5 and 6) Flashcards
What was the Enlightenment?
It was an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, like rationalist and empiricist approaches to the human world. If 14th c. scientists could figure out the natural world in the Scientific Revolution, then why couldn’t 18th century philosophers figure out the human world?
How did the Enlightenment challenge the status quo (the way things had been)?
It challenged the role of religion in public life by questioning the authority of a higher power.
* There were new ways of thinking about the importance of the individual.
* People started to think that there were natural rights—or rights that all humans are born with.
* The concept of the Social Contract encouraged people to overthrow a tyrannical government.
* The belief in popular sovereignty meant that the power to rule should belong to the people.
* Democracy was a system where all people could participate in government.
* And liberalism was an ideology that emphasized protection of civil rights, representative government, protection of private property and free-market trade.
What was an effect of the Enlightenment that allowed more people to participate in
government?
The expansion of suffrage (the right to vote) after the American Revolution. While only white land-owning males could vote, eventually more people were included before 1900. First all white males, then black males.
Extra Info:
This is an example of how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.
What was the impact of the Enlightenment on women?
The feminist movement began with a call for women’s suffrage and equality. This can be seen in the work of French activist Olympe de Gouges, who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, which criticized the new French Constitution for not including women’s rights.
Extra Info:
This is an example of how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.
Emergency feminism challenged political
and gender hierarchies.
What was the impact of the Enlightenment on coerced labor?
The idea of natural rights and liberty led to the abolition of slavery in the Americas and serfdom in Russia.
Extra Info:
This is an example of how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.
What is Nationalism?
It can describe a sense of commonality among people based on things like a shared language, religious, social customs, etc. But it also includes a shared vision for the future, and the group is often defined by having a common enemy.
Extra Info:
Nationalism was a cause of various revolutions c. 1750-1900.
How did leaders use nationalism?
Some used it to convince people to start a revolution to create their own country. Others added nationalist education into schools—glorifying the nation and military service—and used it to create a sense of unity and pride. An example is the Russian empire, which started to demand that the
Russian language be spoken by all of the diverse peoples in its empire.
Extra Info:
While some states used nationalism to
foster a sense of unity, newly imagined
national communities often linked this new
national identity with borders of states,
and in some cases, nationalists challenged
boundaries or sought unification of
fragmented regions.
What is an example of the growing discontent with monarchist and imperial rule that isn’t part of the Atlantic Revolutions?
Muhammad Ali, the leader of the Ottoman state of Egypt, was frustrated with the corruption and internal conflicts of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, he acted independently and took steps towards industrialization on his own, opening
textile and weapons factories.
What caused the American Revolution to take place?
The twelve American colonies were unhappy with the way they were being
ruled by Britain (discontent with monarchist and imperial rule).
Extra Info:
This is a cause of a revolution in this time
period (1750-1900). Led by democratic ideals, the colonial subjects led a successful
revolution.
How does the American document The Declaration of Independence show a
connection to Enlightenment
philosophy?
The Declaration discusses the social contract and popular sovereignty.
Extra Info:
Ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were
reflected in revolutionary documents. The
Declaration of Independence is one of the
few documents that must be known for the
AP Exam.
What were some effects of the American Revolution?
They set up a democratic-republic and became a model and inspiration
for others to overthrow imperial and monarchist rule.
Extra Info:
These were effects of a revolution in this
time period.
What French document do you need to be familiar with for your exam?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Extra Info:
Written early in the Revolution, this
document outlined the rights that all
French citizens (men) were to have once
the revolution was complete. It also
establishes a republican government and
insists on transparency in government.
What caused the Haitian Revolution to take place?
Haiti was a prosperous French colony. The ideas of the French Revolution became known there and, led by Toussaint Louverture, the enslaved population on the island rose up.
Extra Info:
This is a cause of a revolution in this time
period (1750-1900.)
What were some effects of the Haitian Revolution?
The enslaved Haitians defeated the French and created the second republic, but it was the first black government in the western hemisphere. It is considered the only truly successful large-scale slave rebellion in the
world.
Extra Info:
These were effects of a revolution in this
time period.
What were some of the causes of the Latin American Revolutions?
Spanish and Portuguese colonies throughout Central and South America
were influenced by Enlightenment ideas and resented the increasing control by their imperial parents. In 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain and the king of Portugal was deposed it led to instability in the colonies
and the revolutions began.
Extra Info:
These are the causes of a revolution in this
time period (1750-1900.)
What was in the Letter from Jamaica by Simon Bolivar?
In it, Simon Bolivar wrote about his vision for Latin American Independence. He called on Latin Americans to unite in the cause for
overthrowing Spanish colonial dominance.
Extra Info:
Bolivar wanted to create a United Latin America (like the United States of America), but knew it was an impossibility. He also challenged the economic system of mercantilism that he felt kept Latin America from achieving a level of success it might otherwise have.
What were some effects of the
Latin American Revolutions?
Through many long wars, the colonies eventually won their independence
and many formed republican governments.
Extra Info:
These were effects of a revolution in this
time period.
What was the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?
This was another nationalist movement, but not a revolution. The Philippines were a Spanish colony. Many Filipinos studied Enlightenment ideas and nationalist frameworks in Europe and began publishing tons of pamphlets and books expressing a desire to be involved in the political process. Eventually it led to the Philippine Revolution near the end of the 19th c.
Extra Info:
This is a good example of a place calling for
national liberation that is different from the Atlantic Revolutions.
How are Italy and Germany good examples of calls for national unification?
Both were inspired by growing nationalism. They were both a collection of fragmented semi-independent states, but military leaders from each nation sought to unite them into two new states.
Extra Info:
Germany had once been the Holy Roman Empire, which was a collection of feudal territories. After the Napoleonic Wars, it was united into 39 individual states with Austria as its leader, but the militaristic Prussian state led Germany through a series of wars meant to unite the people as they spoke a common language and shared many cultural elements. In Italy, the former heart of the Roman Empire, the independent states were also brought together through a series of wars.
What seven environmental, political, and economic factors contributed to industrialization beginning?
- Proximity to Waterways. Great Britain was an island with abundant rivers and canals that helped with efficient transportation of goods.
- Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber. Great Britain and its territorial holdings had all the raw materials needed to fuel industrialization.
- Access to foreign resources. The first industrialized industry was the textile industry. Great Britain had access to huge
amounts of cotton from their colony in India. - Improved agricultural productivity. New technology and methods of farming increased the amount of food being grown which helped to support a growing population.
- Urbanization. Lots of people were moving from the countryside to the cities looking for jobs in new factories.
- Legal protections of private property. Laws were passed to protect entrepreneurs which led to people feeling safe to take risks and start new businesses.
- Accumulation of capital. There was a lot of wealth due to the Atlantic Slave Trade and other colonial ventures, so people had the money to start a new business.
How did the way goods were made change with industrialization?
Industrial machines were put into large buildings called factories where goods could be mass-produced which made costs come down. Initially these factories were water-powered, but when the steam engine was made it enabled factories to be anywhere. Artisans no longer needed many skills to make a product from start to finish, so labor became increasingly specialized as workers only did one job repeatedly to make a single part of a product.
Extra Info:
The development of factories concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialized labor.
What helped some places to industrialize faster than others?
They had the same seven factors that contributed to industrialization in Great Britain.
How did shares of global manufacturing shift during the first Industrial Revolution?
Industrialized states started producing and selling more goods than nonindustrialized places. Places like India and Egypt, which had long been known for textile production, saw their share of production decline as Britain’s went up.
Extra Info:
The rapid development of steam-powered
industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions’ share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial
Revolution. While Middle Eastern and
Asian countries continued to produce
manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined.
Describe the spread of industrialization in France.
France was slow to industrialize due to a lack of coal and iron deposits, as well as several major social upheavals. France’s government sponsored the construction of railroads and canals, which was also different from Britain.
Extra Info:
As new methods of industrial production
became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other
parts of Europe and the United States, Russia and Japan.
Describe the spread of industrialization in the USA
The US did not industrialize until the second half of the 19th century. Due to the Civil War, industrialization was rapid. The US had access to lots of natural resources and political stability. The US also had a growing population to make and buy more goods, which led to a higher standard of living for its workers than in other industrialized nations.
Describe the spread of industrialization in Russia.
Russia’s industrialization at the end of the 19th century was state-driven. They built a railroad to link their territory into an interdependent market. While they saw some progress, the lives of industrial workers were brutal and there were
frequent uprisings.
Describe the spread of industrialization in Japan.
Japan’s Meiji Restoration was a state-sponsored defensive industrialization. In a few decades Japan became one of the most powerful industrial states in the region.
What technology was featured in the first Industrial Revolution?
Most machines were powered with coal and steam using James Watt’s steam engine. This was used to power locomotives and steamships.
Extra Info:
Examples of how technology shaped economic production and changed human
societies.
What technology was featured in the second Industrial Revolution?
Oil, distilled into gasoline, helped to fuel the new internal combustion engine. Additionally, electricity became popularly used (like in lightbulbs created by Thomas Edison). Soon there were electric streetcars, subways, and other forms of mass transit in major cities. For communication, the telegraph was used to send Morse Code long distances.
How did transportation technology change during the Industrial Revolution?
Phase One: There were a growing number of trains and tracks, as well as steamships. These linked distant parts of countries into the national economy and allowed workers to move more easily.
Phase Two: Iron and steal ships led to
increased maritime activity and eventually the creation of the Suez Canal.
How did building materials shift during the Industrial Revolution?
Phase One: Iron.
Phase Two: Steel—thanks to the Bessemer process, easily converted iron into the stronger material steel.
What are some examples of the use of chemicals that took place in the second industrial revolution?
Synthetic dyes. Vulcanization, a process that made rubber harder and more durable.
