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Physiology > Special Topics > Flashcards

Special Topics Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of body temperature is mediated by:

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Initiate heat generating mechanisms

A

Set-point Temperature

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3
Q

Initiate heat loss mechanisms

A

Detected Temperature

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4
Q

Shivering, Thyroid hormone production, decreased sweating, piloerection, skin vasoconstriction (alpha 1), brown fat in babies (beta 3)

A

Heat-generating Mechanisms

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5
Q

Sweating, skin vasodilation, decreased heat production

A

Heat-loss Mechanisms

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6
Q

What is the role of fat in terms of regulation of body temperature?

A

Insulator

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7
Q

What is the role of skin in terms of regulation of body temperature?

A

Radiator System (when cold: blood vessels constrict; when hot: blood vessels dilate)

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8
Q

Most of the body heat is lost through which way?

A

Radiation>Evaporation>Conduction of air>Conduction of objects

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9
Q

What is the pathophysiology of fever?

A

Pyrogens➡️Increases IL-1➡️Increases Prostaglandins➡️ Increases set-point temperature in Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Excessive sweating causing fainting

A

Heat Exhaustion

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11
Q

High temperature causing tissue damage & impaired responses

A

Heat stroke

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12
Q

High temperature secondary to the use of succinylcholine & halothane?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

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13
Q

What is the basis for muscle endurance?

A

Glycogen levels in the body

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14
Q

What is the best diet for muscle glycogen recovery?

A

High carbohydrate diet

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15
Q

How long does it take to recover muscle glycogen?

A

2 days (high carbohydrate diet)

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16
Q

An increase in muscle strength is always due to what?

A

Increase in muscle size

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17
Q

Maximal breathing capacity

A

150-170L/min

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18
Q

Pulmonary ventilation during maximal exercise

A

100-110L/min

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19
Q

Difference (50L/min) is used to compensate for:

A

Exercise at high altitudeExercise under hot conditionsAbnormalities of the respiratory system

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20
Q

During most strenuous exercise, muscle blood flow increase up to?

A

20x

21
Q

At maximal exercise, CO is at ? Of its maximum

A

90%

22
Q

At maximal exercise, pulmonary ventilation is at ? Of its maximum

A

65%

23
Q

At high altitude, oxygen molecules are farther apart so?

A

Decreases oxygenation

24
Q

At high altitude, its most important effect is?

A

Decreased mental proficiency

25
Q

High altitude: Coma and death at ? Feet

A

23,000 feet

26
Q

High altitude: Twitching and seizures at ? Feet

A

18,000 feet

27
Q

High altitude: Drowsiness, Lassitude, Mental & Muscle fatigue, Headache, Nausea, & Euphoria at ? Feet

A

12,000 feet

28
Q

Mechanisms of Acclimatization to Low PO2: Respiratory rate increases by 5x

A

Increased Pulmonary Ventilation

29
Q

Mechanisms of Acclimatization to Low PO2: Shift to the right of the O2-HgB dissociation curve

A

Polycythemia

30
Q

Mechanisms of Acclimatization to Low PO2: Increased pulmonary capillary blood volume, Increased lung volume, Increased pulmonary arterial BP

A

Increased Diffusing Capacity of Oxygen

31
Q

Mechanisms of Acclimatization to Low PO2: Cardiac Output increases by 30%

A

Increased vascularity of the Peripheral tissues

32
Q

Mechanisms of Acclimatization to Low PO2: Increased cell mitochondria and cellular oxidative enzymes

A

Increased ability of cells to use Oxygen despite low PO2

33
Q

Changes seen in natural acclimatization

A

Decreased body massIncreased chest sizeLarger hearts and lungsBetter O2 delivery (increased HgB, better O2 utilization)

34
Q

Manifestations of Acute Mountain Sickness

A

Acute Pulmonary EdemaAcute Cerebral Edema

35
Q

Manifestations of Chronic Mountain Sickness

A

Pulmonary VasoconstrictionRight-sided Heart Failure

36
Q

Adaptations to Flight: Pilot pushed against seat, more dangerous, blood shunted to the lower extremities

A

Positive G

37
Q

Adaptations to Flight: Pilot pushed against his seatbelt, less dangerous, blood shunted to the head

A

Negative G

38
Q

Motion sickness, Translocation of fluids, Diminished physical activity

A

Acute effects in Space

39
Q

Decreased blood volume, Decreased RBC, Decreased muscle strength, Decreased maximum cardiac output, Loss of calcium and phosphate from bones

A

Chronic effects in Space

40
Q

May lead to toxicities from high nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures

A

Diving

41
Q

High Nitrogen Pressures: “Raptures of the depths”

A

Beyond 250 feet

42
Q

High Nitrogen Pressures: Drowsiness

A

At 200-250 feet

43
Q

High Nitrogen Pressures: Joviality

A

At 120 feet

44
Q

Breathing oxygen at 4atm (PO2=3040mmHg) will cause sudden brain seizures followed by coma; Due to Oxygen Free Radicals (O2 and H2O2)

A

High Oxygen Pressure

45
Q

Happens only if diving apparatus has a malfunction; Severe respiratory acidosis, lethargy, narcosis

A

High Carbon Dioxide Pressure

46
Q

Sudden ascent a can lead to formation of nitrogen bubbles a blocks blood vessels

A

Decompression Sickness

47
Q

Pain in the joints and muscles

A

“Bends”

48
Q

Dyspnea

A

“Chokes”

49
Q

Chronic Decompression Sickness

A

Caisson’s Disease

Physiology (12 decks)

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