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Clinical Neuroscience weeks 1-3 > 23A Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

23A Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral cortex develops as outpocketings of

A

Prosencephalon

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2
Q

Up until 6 mos, the cerebral cortex is smooth or…

A

Lissencephalic

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3
Q

By birth at nine months, the cerebral cortex is said to be Gyrencephalic or…

A

coverd with gyri and sulci

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4
Q

Three types of cortex have been defined based on histology

A

1) Allocortex- 3 layers
2) Isocortex- 6 layered
3) Mesocortex- 3-5 layers

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5
Q

Archicortex formed from which pallium

A

medial

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6
Q

Paleocortex formed from which pallium

A

lateral

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7
Q

Neocortex formed from which pallium?

A

Dorsal {Pallium

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8
Q

How many cortical layers are there?

A

6

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9
Q

Layer 1 is called

A

molecular layer

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10
Q

Layers 2,3 called

A

superficual pyramidal layer

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11
Q

Layer 4 called?

A

Granular layer

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12
Q

Layer 5 called?

A

Deep pyramidal cell layer

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13
Q

Layer 6 called

A

polymorphic layer

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14
Q

Supragranular layer

A

layers 1-3, because 4 = granular,

This makes 5-6 subgranular

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15
Q

Pyramidal vs non-pyramidal

A

pyramidal- pear shaped soma and a single dominant apical dendrite. Send axons deep to the white matter and are projection neurons. Project locally and to other areas. Excitatory. Glutamate as transmitter

non-pyramidal- mostly GABAergic neurone which are local only,,,only project into a local area of cortex. Typically multipolar or bipolar

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16
Q

Spiny vs Aspiny

A

pyramidal = spiny

non-pyramidal- sparsely spiny

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17
Q

What is a spiny stellate cell

A

found in layer 4 of primary sensory cortex. Mostly subtypes of pyramidal cells but only project locally. Called non-yramidal

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18
Q

Main input to most cortical neurons is from

A

other cortical neurons

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19
Q

What is the main extrinsic input to cortex?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

What are the two types of Thalamic input?

A

Specific- from thalamic nuclei that project into a single cortical area and concerns a single modality such as VL (motor cortex neuron), VPL (somatosensory cortex neuron)

Non-specific- comes from thalamic nuclei that integrate information from many sources. This input is important for general brain states and arousal.

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21
Q

Specific thalamic nuclei generally project to what layer of the cortex?

A

Layer 4

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22
Q

Non-specific thalamic afferents generally project to what cortical layer

A

Layer 1

23
Q

Pyramidal cells in what layers are the main source or cortico-cortical connections>

A

II and III… Association fibers and callosal projections….some also project to the striatum which surprisingly is still a part of the telencephalon

24
Q

Association Fibers?

A

Pyramidal cells which project ipsilaterally (local and long distance)

25
Q

Callosal projections

A

pyramidal cells which project contralaterally, via the corpus callosum

26
Q

Layer V pyramidal neurons are what

A

The main output neurons of the cortex

27
Q

Layer VI pyramidal neurons are what

A

They project primarily to the Thalamus

28
Q

The Thalamocortical feedback loop is the basis for several thalamocortical thythms observed in EEG….important in regulation of sleep-wake cycle, consciousness, and several pathologic conditions

A

ok

29
Q

Since most inputs to pyramidal cells come from other pyramidal cells, this system of mutual excitation wold lead to an unstable network if not for less numerous non-pyramidal inhibitory neurons. (80% pyramidal and excitatory, 20% non pyramidal)

A

ok

30
Q

A central belief regarding cortical function is that the cortex is composed of repeated modules called cortical columns.

A

ok

31
Q

Macrocolumn=

A

all of the cells allied together for a particular function. The idea is that a macrocolumn is the basic functional unit.

32
Q

The basic idea is that all of the pyramidal cell members of a developmental mini-column are ancestors of a single precursor cell in the ventricular zone of the embryonic cerebral vesicles

A

ok

33
Q

What is association cortex

A

Cortex that is not primary motor or sensory…all 6 layers very obvious…called homotypic

34
Q

Non-asssocaition areas where cortex layers are less obvious are called

A

heterotypic

35
Q

Which layer of cortex is virtually absent from Primary Motor cortex?

A

Granular layer…thus motor cortex is referred to as agranular

36
Q

Which layer is very large?

A

Layer V is very large in motor cortex because it has large pyramidal cells to project to spinal cord and subcortical motor centers

37
Q

Primary Sensory cortex

A

Large granular layer

38
Q

Primary Motor Cortex = what Brodmans areas

A

4

39
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex is brodmann’s area number what?

A

3, 1, 2

40
Q

Primary visual cortex is brodman number

A

17

41
Q

Primary auditory complex brodmann area

A

41,42

42
Q

Brodmans area 6?

A

Premotor cortex- unimodal association area

43
Q

Brodman area 5,7

A

unimodal association areas for somatesthesias

44
Q

General layout of a somatosensory and motor homunculus?

A

Medial –> Lateral

Lower limb, trunk, shoulder, arm, hand, neck, head, mouth, throat

Basically, lower limb in the mid-sagital area and upper limb on the lateral surface of the pre- or post-central gyri. Can be used to localize strokes since the middle cerebral artery supplies the putside of the cortex while the anterior cerebral artery supplies the mid-sagital area

45
Q

Parietal association cortex is important for

A

attention to the physical world

46
Q

Temporal association complex is important for

A

naming things

47
Q

Prefrontal cortex acts as the overall executive for behavior

A

ok

48
Q

Occipital association cortex is concerned with?

A

Visual system

49
Q

If the parietal cortex is damaged in the dominant hemisphere (left side for right handers and usually left handers as well) what occurs?

A

Patients suffer from language disorders (aphasias)

50
Q

What occurs with non-dominant parietal damage?

A

sensory neglect…pts ignore sensory experiences on the half of the body contralateral to the injury. this the non-dominant parietal association cortex is necessary for attention to the internal and external environment

51
Q

Temporal association cortex important for

A

recognizing and naming objects

52
Q

Pre-frontal association cortex

A

Largest component of the cortex. Important for determining personality and our sense of self

53
Q

What are teh two components of the Pre-frontal cortex?

A

Dorsolateral- working memory and planning behaviors

orbitofrontal- aggression and emotions

54
Q

PFC allows us to choose between actions. Mnemonic RIO stands for what

A

Restraint
Initiative
Order

Clinical Neuroscience weeks 1-3 (26 decks)

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