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Neuro Unit 1 > A 4 NeuroEmbryology > Flashcards

A 4 NeuroEmbryology Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 5 Neural Tube defects?

A
  • spina bifida occulta – defect limited to vertebra.
  • meningocoele (involves meninges)
  • meningomyelocoele –(involves meninges and nervous tissue)
  • craniorachischisis – (most severe – neural tube not fully rolled up
  • Anencephaly- defective closure of anterior neuropore.
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1
Q

Prosencephalon produces what brain parts?

A

Tel: Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic lobe (lateral ventricles)
Di: Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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2
Q

Mesencephalon produces what brain parts?

A

Midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)

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3
Q

Rhombencephalon produces what brain parts?

A

Met: Cerebellum, Pons (4th ventricle)
Myel: Medulla (4th ventricle)

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5
Q

Lissencephaly is what?

A

Smoooth brain due to a Migration problem. (seizures and death in infancy)

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5
Q

Polymicrogyria is what?

A

Numerous small gyri that can be localized or be the whole brain. Migration problem causing Retardation and epilepsy.

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6
Q

Pachygyria is what?

A

Thick brain. Migration prob. (Lesser degree of lissencephaly, you can live)

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7
Q

Agenesis of corpus callosum is what?

A

May be clinically silent, or learning probs. problems with axon extension.

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8
Q

Cortical Heterotopia is what?

A

Normal neurons in abnormal locations. Migration prob. (focal seizures)

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9
Q

What signals myelination to occur?

A

Action potentials and chemical signals on axon surfaces

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10
Q

Cocaine does what to the brain?

A

Impairs synaptic reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters. (serotonin, dopamine, norepi, epi) It prevents normal synapse formation in neurons if in-utero.

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11
Q

Myelencephalon produces what brain parts?

A

Medulla (myelencephalon is a subsection of rhombencephalon)

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12
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is what?

A

Myelin fails to form in CNS and PNS. Normal development for a while, then the child regresses.

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13
Q

when does the nervous system first appear during gestation?

A

3 weeks

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14
Q

what causes dorsal patterning of the spinal cord?

A

BMP gradient. (high BMP forms the dorsal aspect)

FGF and Wnt are also posteriorizing signals.

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15
Q

what secretes BMP 4?

A

the overlying ectoderm

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16
Q

which molecules are antagonists to BMP?

A

Noggin and chordin. (these are secreted by the notochord)

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17
Q

What mainly patterns the formation of the ventral part of the spinal cord?

A

SHH released by the notochord. (considered to be the dorsal mesoderm, it turns middle of neural plate into floor plate and causes the forebrain to split into 2 hemispheres)

18
Q

what is the floor plate?

A

ventral most part of spinal cord

19
Q

what is the basal plate?

A

the more ventrally located area of the spinal cord that carries the autonomic AND somatic motor neurons. Forms the ventral horn.

20
Q

what is the sulcus limitans?

A

the sulcus that divides the ventral from the dorsal spinal cord. It extents the entire length.

21
Q

What is the alar plate?

A

It contains the sensory and coordinating neurons. Forms the dorsal horn.

22
Q

what is the roofplate?

A

the most dorsal part of the spinal cord

23
Q

Neural crest cells become?

A 
sensory neurons outside CNS
postsynaptic neurons for autonomics
chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla)
melanocytes
schwan cells
satellite cells
Jaw, skull,
meninges
24
Q

what is a neurocristopathy?

A

defect in NCC migration. Often causes cleft palate, facial malformations, hirschprung disease, etc.

25
Q

what is the thickened area of ectoderm lateral to the NCC’s and neural plate called? what do they do?

A

Neurogenic placodes. They give rise to neurons and glia.

26
Q

when does the neural tube close?

A

28 days. (first at the anterior neuropore then at the posterior neuropore)

27
Q

What is holoproencephaly? What causes it?

A

A defect that prevents the separation of the two hemispheres, absence of corpus callosum, fusion of the thalami, and often cyclopia. Caused by a defect in SHH

28
Q

what is septo-optic dysplasia?

A

a milder form of haloproencephaly. Incomplete separation of the proencephalon, absence of septum pellucidum, optic nerve hypoplasia.
blind, mentally retarded, endocrine problems.

29
Q

when are most neurons formed?

A

2-5 months of gestation.

30
Q

what are the four radial layers of the spinal cord called from inside to outside?

A

1) ependymal layer (in contact with lumen)
2) subventricular zone (where mitosis takes place)
3) mantle zone (future grey matter of spinal cord)
4) marginal zone (future white matter of spinal cord)
Note: the mantle zone is where the neurons migrate after mitosis.

31
Q

What are some characteristics of Fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

micorcephaly
impaired learing
seizures
(due to neuron proliferation problem)

32
Q

what is hemimegacephaly?

A 
one side of brain is larger than other side due to an error in brain cell proliferation signals. 
large heads
seizures
mental retardation
contralateral hemiparesis
33
Q

In the brain, after the cells have undergone mitosis in the subventricular zone, they migrate to their correct positions following what?

A

radial glia. They extend from the ventricle to the cortical surface.

34
Q

which neruons are the first to arrive at the cerebral cortex? last to arrive?

A

first are the layer 6, last are layer 1. They have to migrate through each other from 6 to 1.

35
Q

Why is the brain formed with gyri and sulci?

A

to increase surface area.

36
Q

Once in location, immature neurons link to their targets by?

A

cell adhesion molecules
electrical currents
chemical signals

37
Q

what happens with agenesis of the corpus callosum?

A

often it is silent, but it can result in learning disturbances.

38
Q

when does myelination occur?

A

begins in third trimester and continues into adulthood.

39
Q

T/F The weight of a babies brain is 3% of their total weight?

A

true. Adults are only 2%

40
Q

What is a neuroteratogen?

A

exogenous factors such as chemicals, radiation, etc. that cause neuronal defects of abnormalities.

41
Q

T/F Gyrification of the brain continues after birth?

A

True

42
Q

The sulcus limitans divides which two structures?

A

the basal plate (ventral) form the alar plate (dorsal)

43
Q

What are the 4 diseases that are caused by migration problems?

A

Cortical heterotropia
Lissencephaly
Pachygyria
Polymicrogyria

Neuro Unit 1 (9 decks)

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