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Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions > Developmental, Congenital, Childhood > Flashcards

Developmental, Congenital, Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Prematurity

A

birth before the 37th gestational week; baby underdeveloped, underweight, and at high risk

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2
Q

Causes of prematurity

A

incompetent cervix, bicornate uterus, toxic conditions, maternal infection, premature amniotic rupture

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3
Q

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)

A

infant suffers acute hypoxemia, displays signs of respiratory distress, nasal flaring, grunting, sternal retractions

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4
Q

Causes of IRDS

A

infant’s lungs lack the surfactant needed to expand the alveoli

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5
Q

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A

chronic lung disease, lungs stiff and obstructed, infant displays dyspnea, wheezing, cyanosis, nasal flaring, sternal retractions, crackling sounds during auscultation

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6
Q

Causes of BPD

A

IRDS, lung infection, pneumonia

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7
Q

Retinopathy of Prematurity

A

occurs in infants born before 28 weeks, no visible symptoms, abnormal growth of the blood vessels in the infant’s eyes

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8
Q

Causes of ROP

A

incomplete vascularization of the blood vessels to the retina

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9
Q

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A

acute inflammatory process, fragile intestinal tract of the premature newborn becomes active

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10
Q

Causes of NEC

A

ischemic necrosis of the mucus lining of the small intestine, possibly breakdown in normal defense of the GI tract

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11
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

congenital paralysis, displays a lack of control, poor balance, speech difficulty, wide gait

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12
Q

Causes of Cerebral Palsy

A

damage to the CNS, inadequate blood or oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development

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13
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

progressive weakening and degeneration of the skeletal muscles, displays toe walking, waddling gait, possible spinal deformities and mental retardation, eventual crippling

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14
Q

Causes of Muscular Dystrophy

A

genetic defect

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15
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to fuse, no herniation of meninges or spinal cord

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16
Q

Causes of Spina Bifida Occulta

A

neural tube fails to close, congenital defect

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17
Q

Meningocele

A

second level of failure of the spinal column to fuse, meninges protrude, forming a sac filled with CSF

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18
Q

Causes of Meningocele

A

neural tube fails to close, exact cause unknown

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19
Q

Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida Cystica)

A

protrusion of a portion of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the spinal column (lumbar), spinal cord herniation, immobile joints, paralysis of lower extremities, musculoskeletal malformation

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20
Q

Causes of Myelomeningocele

A

neural tube fails to close, meninges, spinal cord herniate through spinal column

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21
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

amount of CSF is increased greatly or circulation is blocked, abnormal enlargement of the head, pressure changes in brain

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22
Q

Causes of Hydrocephalus

A

large amount of CSF accumulates in the skull, circulation impaired, possibly by a lesion or congenital defect, CSF prevented from reaching normal areas, possibly caused by intracranial hemorrhage, head traums, blood clot, prematurity

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23
Q

Anencephaly

A

fetus has no cranial vault and little cerebral tissue, fatal

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24
Q

Causes of Anencephaly

A

neural tube deficit

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25
Q

Cri-du-Chat Syndrome (Cat’s Cry Syndrome)

A

small head, deficiency of cerebral brain tissue, mental retardation, cat-like cry, eyes far apart

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26
Q

Causes of Cri-du-Chat Syndrome

A

deletion on chromosome 5

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27
Q

Down Syndrome

A

congenital, mental retardation, typical face, short hands, simian line

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28
Q

Causes of Down Syndrome

A

trisomy 21

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29
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

A

abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles, most common congenital cardiac disorder, blood shunted from the left to the right side by higher pressure, murmur heard during auscultation, acyanotic

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30
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

ductus fails to functionally close, murmur, growth and development possibly slowed, acyanotic

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31
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A

narrowed aortic lumen, partial obstruction, increased left ventricular pressure, decreased blood pressure distal to the narrowing, acyanotic

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32
Q

Atrial Septal Defect

A

abnormal opening between the right and left atria, can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope

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33
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

most common cyanotic cardiac defect, combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposition (placement to the right) of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy, infants affected born blue, symptoms of hypoxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, seizures

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34
Q

Transposition of the Great Arteries

A

aorta and pulmonary artery reversed, results in two closed-loop systems, cyanotic, tachypnea, signs of heart failure

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35
Q

Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)

A

obvious, nontraumatic deformity of the foot, anterior half of foot adducted and inverted

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36
Q

Causes of Clubfoot

A

fetal position, genetic factors

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37
Q

Congenital Hip Dysplasia

A

abnormal development of the hip joint that ranges from unstable to dislocation of the femoral head, limited adduction, shortening of femur

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38
Q

Causes of CHD

A

exact cause unknown, possibly from softening of the ligaments caused by maternal relaxin, breech birth

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39
Q

Cleft Lip/Palate

A

congenital defect, one or more clefts in the upper lip, cleft palate is where there is a hole in the middle of the roof of the mouth

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40
Q

Causes of Cleft Lip/Palate

A

failure in the embryonic development of the fetus, multifactorial genetic disorder

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41
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

undescended testicle(s)

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42
Q

Causes of Cryptorchidism

A

unknown, possibly hormones

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43
Q

Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

A

highly malignant neoplasm of the kidney in children under the age of 5, most common kidney tumor of childhood, mass in kidney region, hematuria, abdominal pain, anemia, vomiting, weight loss, fever

44
Q

Causes of Wilms’ Tumor

A

adenosarcoma arising from abnormal fetal kidney tissue that is left behind, begins unrestrained cancerous growth, 20% hereditary, associated with other anomalies

45
Q

Phimosis

A

stenosis of the foreskin

46
Q

Congenital Pyloric Stenosis

A

narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the exit of the stomach, projectile vomiting, fails to gain weight

47
Q

Causes of Congenital Pyloric Stenosis

A

possibly hereditary, more common in males

48
Q

Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)

A

impairment of intestinal motility that causes obstruction of the distal colon, constipation, distended abdomen

49
Q

Causes of Hirschsprung Disease

A

parasympathetic nerve ganglion cells are absent in a segment of the colon, colon becomes distended

50
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

chronic dysfunction of the exocrine glands, sticky mucus that blocks glandular ducts, vomiting, paroxysmal cough

51
Q

Causes of CF

A

genetic disorder

52
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

error in the metabolism of amino acids, causes brain damage, mental retardation if not corrected

53
Q

Causes of PKU

A

autosomal recessive trait, causes defective enzymatic conversion, accumulation phenylalanine in the blood

54
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

male hypogonadism, XXY, abnormal development of testes, little body hair, infertility, mild delay in learning

55
Q

Causes of Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY, XXYY, XXXY, XXXXY, nondisjunction during gamete formation

56
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

female with only one sex chromosome, XO, ovaries immature or absent, short, amenorrhea, lack of puberty, sterility, dwarfism, cardiac defects, kidney defects, normal intelligence

57
Q

Causes of Turner Syndrome

A

results from a loss of the second X chromosome caused by nondisjunction

58
Q

Chickenpox (Varicella)

A

highly contagious, acute viral infection common in children and young adults, superficial cutaneous lesions that begins as red macules and progress to papules and then vesicles, spread over the body, fever, rash, anorexia, intense itching, usually lasts 2 weeks

59
Q

Causes of Chickenpox

A

caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), member of the herpes virus group

60
Q

Diphtheria

A

acute communicable disease, causes necrosis of the mucus membrane in the respiratory tract, usually children, sore throat, dysphagia, cough, hoarseness, swollen lymph nodes, infection can cause grayish patches of thick mucus membrane to appear along the respiratory tract

61
Q

Causes of Diphtheria

A

caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the nasopharynx, transmitted by airborne droplets

62
Q

Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis)

A

acute communicable disease causing swelling of parotid gland(s), tenderness in neck, headache, fever, earache, loss of appetite

63
Q

Causes of Mumps

A

airborne virus spread by droplet nuclei from the respiratory tract

64
Q

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A

highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract, three stages, highly contagious catarrhal stage (seems to be a common cold), paroxysmal stage (cough becomes violent and whooping), convalescent period (cough gradually diminishes)

65
Q

Causes of Pertussis

A

caused by pertussis bacillus Bordetella pertussis, releases a toxin that leads to necrosis of the mucosa, transmitted by droplet nuclei

66
Q

Measles (Rubeola)

A

acute, highly contagious, viral disease, coldlike symptoms, photophobia, fever, red blotchy rash, spreads across body, Koplik spots on the oral mucosa

67
Q

Causes of Measles

A

caused by the measles virus, spread by direct contact

68
Q

Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)

A

highly contagious viral disease, rose-colored elevated rash, appears on face, spreads downward, low-grade fever, great danger to unborn children

69
Q

Causes of Rubella

A

rubella virus, spread by direct contact

70
Q

Tetanus

A

acute, potentially fatal, systemic infection, extremely febrile, sweating, stiff neck, tight jaw, facial spasms, convulsive spasms, possible asphyxiation

71
Q

Causes of Tetanus

A

bacillus Clostridium tetani, contaminated soil, animal excretions, enters body through laceration, puncture wound

72
Q

Influenza

A

acute, highly contagious viral infection, occurs sporadically, epidemically, high fever, pulmonary complications, Reye syndrome

73
Q

Common Cold

A

short-lasting, nasal congestion, bacterial infection

74
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

unpredicted death of an infant under 1 year old

75
Q

Cause of SIDS

A

unknown

76
Q

Croup

A

acute, severe inflammation of respiratory tract, hoarseness, fever, stridor, harsh cough, narrowing of upper airways

77
Q

Causes of Croup

A

viral disease, involves larynx, trachea, bronchi

78
Q

Epiglottitis

A

inflammation of the epiglottis, life-threatening, croupy cough, fever, respiratory distress, red swollen epiglottis

79
Q

Causes of Epiglottitis

A

may follow an upper respiratory tract infection, Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria

80
Q

Acute Tonsillitis

A

painful inflammatory infectious tonsils, sudden onset, headache, sore throat, chills, fever, malaise, anorexia, muscle joint pain

81
Q

Causes of Acute Tonsillitis

A

many organisms, beta-hemolytic streptococci most commonly

82
Q

Adenoid Hyperplasia

A

abnormal enlargement of the lymphoid tissue located in the space above the soft palate, partial breathing blockage, can contribute to otitis media, nasal speech

83
Q

Causes of Adenoid Hyperplasia

A

unknown

84
Q

Asthma

A

chronic disease, increased respiratory activity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli, leading cause of chronic illness and school absenteeism in children, incessant cough, rapid pulse, pallor, perspiration, inability to speak clearly, tight chest, rhonchi, wheezes

85
Q

Causes of Asthma

A

hereditary factors, hyperactive bronchial tubes, extrinsic (allergic), intrinsic (non-allergic), stress, exercise, allergens, pollution, smoke

86
Q

Infantile Colic

A

intermittent abdominal distress in infants, passing gas by mouth and rectum, gain weight, crying, fist-clenching

87
Q

Causes of Infantile Colic

A

unknown, possibly improper feeding techniques, sensitivity to cow’s milk

88
Q

Helminth Infestation (Worms)

A

worms take up residence in the GI tract, eggs are swallowed, hatched in intestine, irritation in perineal area, itching

89
Q

Causes of Helminth Infestation

A

pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, eggs swallowed, transmitted directly or indirectly

90
Q

Diarrhea

A

rapid passage of stool though the intestinal tract, runny stool, consistent, can cause electrolyte loss

91
Q

Causes of Diarrhea

A

infection (bacterial, viral), medications, allergic reactions, anatomic abnormalities, malabsorption, syndromes, chemical irritation, mechanical irritation, diet, toxicity

92
Q

Vomiting

A

ejection of stomach contents by mouth

93
Q

Causes of Vomiting

A

food poisoning, overfeeding, drug poisoning, allergies, gastric irritation, genetic defects, infection, intracranial pressure, pyloric stenosis, many others

94
Q

Anemia

A

deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin in blood

95
Q

Causes of Anemia

A

iron deficiency (most common), chronic blood loss, hemolytic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, loss of bone marrow and blood

96
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of blood-forming tissues, abnormal increase in the number of immature leukocytes, fever, easy bruising, pallor, weakness, weight loss, bone pain, spleen enlargement

97
Q

Causes of Leukemia

A

too many immature leukocytes

98
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

A

incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood, jaundice, anemia, kernicterus, enlargement of liver, enlargement of spleen, congestion, seizures, heart failure, mental retardation

99
Q

Causes of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

incompatibility between fetal and maternal blood, Rh incompatibility, antibodies destroy fetal blood cells

100
Q

Lead Poisoning

A

environmentally caused blood poisoning, vomiting, irritability, ataxic gait, anemia, weakness, colic, peripheral neuritis

101
Q

Causes of Lead Poisoning

A

ingestion of lead, lead in the blood

102
Q

Reye Syndrome

A

combination of brain disease and fatty invasion of the inner organs, especially liver, often fatal, disruption in urea cycle that causes swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, lethargy, vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, hyperventilation, hyperactive reflexes, delirium, coma, seizures, loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory arrest

103
Q

Causes of Reye Syndrome

A

unknown, usually follows influenza A, influenza B, viruses, chickenpox, aspirin

104
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

fetus exposed to alcohol in the womb, growth retardation, far apart eyes, small eye openings, thin upper lip, mental retardation, alcohol withdrawal

105
Q

Causes of FAS

A

maternal alcohol consumption while pregnant

106
Q

Diaper Rash

A

contact dermatitis, rash in the diaper area

107
Q

Causes of Diaper Rash

A

sensitive skin, friction, prolonged exposure to urine, feces, ammonia, poorly washed diapers, plastic pants, poor hygiene

Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions (14 decks)

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