18/11/2024

Question 1

What drug can be used to reduce the rate of CKD progression in ADPKD?

Answer 1

Tolvaptan

Question 2

Why can nephrotic syndrome increase the risk of VTE?

Answer 2

Due to loss of antithrombin 3 which inactivates thrombin and factors IXa, Xa, XIa, and XIIa, and thereby limits the coagulation cascade

Question 3

What should you suspect if a young pt develops an AKI after starting an ACEi?

Answer 3

RAS secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 4

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in non-diabetics?

Answer 4

Membranous nephropathy

Question 5

What is membranous nephropathy commonly associated with?

Answer 5

Lung/colon/breast cancer

Question 6

How does membranous nephropathy affect the GBM?

Answer 6

Causes GBM thickening and gives it a spiked appearance due to podocyte damage

Question 7

Pathophysiology of alports syndrome?

Answer 7

X-linked defect in type 4 collagen

Question 8

Triad of HUS?

Answer 8

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
AKI
Thrombocytopenia

Question 9

Why do complement levels decrease in PSGN?

Answer 9

a type III hypersensitivity reaction - IgG and IgM bind to bacterial antigens to form immune complexes which deposit in the GBM
This activates the complement system and uses up complement

Question 10

Which renal tubular acidosis causes hyperkalaemia?

Answer 10

Type 4 RTA

Question 11

What causes type 4 RTA?

Answer 11

reduction in aldosterone leads in turn to a reduction in proximal tubular ammonium excretion
any cause of hypoadlosteronism
diabetic nephropathy, CKD (as this reduces renin production)
Renal resistance to aldosterone

Question 12

Microscopic features of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

Answer 12

Epithelial crescents in glomeruli