18 COPD Flashcards
(27 cards)
• What are the 2 types of lower resp diseases?
- Obstructive —>contraction of airway —> obs of airflow
2. Restrictive —>⬇️ of lung volume
• What is the diff btwn COPD & asthma acc to pts age?
Asthma —> mainly in children
COPD —> mainly in elderly
• What is the diff btwn COPD & asthma acc to disease prod?
Asthma —> self produced
COPD —> preventable
• What is COPD?
Common preventable disease, characterized by persistent airflow limitation (usually progressive) associated w/enhanced chronic inf response in the airways & lungs in response to noxious gases or particles
• What can increase the severity of COPD in pts?
exacerbations/comorbidities ex: bac or viral inf or ❤️ disease
• What causes COPD?
- Cigarette smoking
- Occupational dust and chemicals
- Environmental tobacco smoking (passive smoking)
- Indoor / outdoor air pollution
- Genes
- Infections
- Socio-economic status
• How can genes cause COPD?
the loss of a1 antitripsin —> tripsin is not inhibited —> tripsin digests parenchyma—> emphysema like changes and COPD
• What is the diff btwn COPD & asthma acc to main cause?
Asthma —> allergen
COPD —> cigarette smoking
• What is the cellular mechanisms of COPD?
Cigarette smoking —> alveolar macrophage in epithelial cells —> releases neutrophil chemotactic factors + cytokines + mediators —> recruit neutrophils —> release neutrophil elastase + cathepsins + matrix metalloproteinases —> cause alveolar wall destruction (emphysema) + mucus hypersecretion (chronic bronchitis)
• What is the cytokine & mediator released by epi cells?
- cytokine —> IL-8
2. Mediator —> LTB4
• What is the diff btwn COPD & asthma acc to most imp cell involved in inf?
asthma —> eosinophils
COPD —> neutrophils
• Why does cigarette smoking cause COPD at first?
bcz it causes oxidatve stress bcz it contains O2 free radicals
• What does oxidative stress result in?
- ⬇️ antiproteases
2. Cause inf by act proinf cytokine + transcription factor
• What are the results of COPD?
- Increased mucus production and reduced mucociliary clearance - sputum production and cough
- Loss of elastic recoil - airway collapse
- Pulmonary hyperinflation
- Increased smooth muscle tone
- Gas exchange abnormalities - hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia ( ⬆️CO2 )
• What does the proteases released by neutrophils do?
breakdown the structure of lungs components
• What are the mechanisms involved in airway narrowing?
- Small airway disease: airway inf/fibrosis + luminal plugs + bronchoconstriction
- Parenchymal destruction: loss of alveolar attachments + ⬇️ of elastic recoil
- Gas exchange abnormalities: hypoxemia / hypercapnia
• What causes luminal plugs?
excessive mucus secretion
• What causes bronchoconstriction?
airway smooth muscle contraction
• What is spirometry?
it is a technique to measure lung function by FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 sec + volume capacity
• What is FVC?
forced vital capacity : the amount of air out when exhaling
• What is the value of normal FEV1/FVC?
0.8 is the normal value in ppl w/o lung diseases
• When does spirometery indicate COPD?
if FEV1/FVC <0.8 —> ⬇️ in FEV1 > ⬇️ in FVC
• What are the key indicators for COPD diagnosis?
- Chronic cough
- Chronic sputum production
- Dyspnoea
- Acute bronchitis
How should chronic cough be to indicate COPD?
present everyday and throughout the day
