18 peripheral

Question 1

Peripheral Vascular System

Answer 1

is made up of the blood vessels of the body. together with the heart and the lymphatic vessels, they make up the body’s circulatory system, which transports blood and lymph throughout the body.

Question 2

silent killer

Answer 2

hypertension, produces many physiologic changes before any symptoms are experience

Question 3

arteries of the peripheral vascular system

Answer 3

receive oxygen-rich blood from the heart and carry it to the organs and tissues of the body.

Question 4

Pulse

Answer 4

high pressure wave that causes the arteries to expand contract.
are palpable in the arteries near the skin or over a bony surface.

Question 5

systolic pressure

Answer 5

• occurs during cardiac systole or ventricular contraction

- the force of the blood that is exerted on the arterial wall during the cardiac action.

Question 6

diastolic pressure

Answer 6

occurs during cardiac diastole or ventricular relaxation. the force of the blood on the arterial wall during ventricular filling.

Question 7

Veins of the systemic circulation

Answer 7

deliver deoxygenated blood from the body periphery back to the heart. veins have thinner walls and a larger diameter than arteries and are able to stretch and dilate to facilitate venous return.

Question 8

why do veins have thinner walls and a larger diameter than arteries?

Answer 8

to be able to facilitate venous return; this is assisted by contraction of skeletal muscles during activities such as walking and by pressure changes related to inspiration and expiration.
veins have one-way intraluminal valves that close tightly when filled to prevent backflow.

Question 9

what is stasis and what causes it?

Answer 9

Stasis is pooling of the blood in the veins of the lower extremities. this is caused by problems in the lumen or valves of the leg veins.

Question 10

deep vein in the legs that carry back 90% of venous return

Answer 10

Femoral and popliteal

Question 11

Saphenous veins

Answer 11

superficial veins that are not as well supported as the deep veins. more susceptible to venous stasis.

Question 12

Capillaries

Answer 12

smallest vessels of the circulatory system. exchanges of gases and nutrients between the arterial and venous systems occur here.

Question 13

lymphatic system

Answer 13

consist of the vast network of vessels. fluid, various tissue, and organ throughout the body.
help transport escaped fluid back to the vascular system,

Question 14

Lymphoid organs

Answer 14

have a major role regarding body defenses and the immune system.
help fight infection and provide the individual immunocompetence

Question 15

spleen, tonsils, and thymus glands

Answer 15

lymphoid organs

Question 16

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 16

form their own circulatory system in which their collected fluid flows to the heart.
The vessels extended from the capillaries of their system to the two main lymphatic trunks.

Question 17

right lymphatic duct

Answer 17

collects lymph from the right upper extremity, which is the right side of the thorax and head.

Question 18

Thoracic duct

Answer 18

collects lymph from the remaining part of the body.
responds to the protein and fluid pressure at the capillary end of the vessels that help keep the lymph properly circulated.

Question 19

venules

Answer 19

smallest veins

Question 20

lymph nodes

Answer 20

clumps of tissue located along the lymphatic vessels either deep or superficially in the body.
usually non palpable
filter lymph fluid, removing pathogens before the fluid is returned to the bloodstream.

Question 21

Epitrochlear node

Answer 21

located on the medial surface of the arm above the elbow.

drains the ulnar surface of the forearm and the third, fourth, and fifth digits.

Question 22

superficial inguinal, vertical group and horizontal groups

Answer 22

vertical group is located close to the saphenous veins and drains that area of the leg.
horizontal nodes are found below the inguinal ligament.

Question 23

what are the functions of the peripheral vascular system?

Answer 23

• Delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissue of the body.
• Transporting carbon dioxide and other waste products from tissue for excretion.
• Removing pathogens from the body fluid by filtering lymph.

Question 24

what is the systolic and diastolic pressure of a new born

Answer 24

systolic is 50 to 80 mm Hg; the diastolic pressure is 25 to 55 mmHg

Question 25

measuring blood pressure on a young children

Answer 25

should be measured on the thigh to rule out a significant difference between upper and lower extremity
“difference in pressure could indicate narrowing of the aorta.

Question 26

BP in a child 1 or younger

Answer 26

systolic pressure in the thigh should equal that of the arm

Question 27

BP in a child over 1 year

Answer 27

systolic pressure in the thigh that is 10 to 40 mmHg higher that that in the arm.
diastolic pressure in the thigh equals in the arm.

Question 28

fever and pulse

Answer 28

for ever degree of fever, the pulse may increase 8 to 10 beats per minute.

Question 29

BP and pregnant female

Answer 29

• monitor pregnancy-induced hypertension.
• blood doubles
• blood pressure may decreased in the 2nd trimester because of the dilation of the peripheral vessels. (usually returns to the pre-pregnancy at the third trimester)
• BP may increase if client has history of hypertension prior to pregnancy posing a threat of cerebral hemorrhage.
• pressure from the uterus on the lower extremities can obstruct venous return and lead to hypotension when the client is lying on her back, or it can cause edema, varicosities of the leg and hemorrhoids.

Question 30

Arteriosclerosis and causes

Answer 30

Calcification of the walls of the blood vessels

It is caused by the aging process.

Question 31

aging and the peripheral system

Answer 31

Arteriosclerosis
Arterial walls lose elasticity and become more rigid; this increase in peripheral vascular resistance results in increased blood pressure.
blood cots in leg veins due to enlargement of calf vein.

Question 32

Hypertension symptoms

Answer 32

headache, epistaxis (nosebleed), shortness of breath, or chest pain.

Question 33

stress effect on peripheral system

Answer 33

contribute to the development of hypertension

Question 34

Cultural and environmental considerations

Answer 34

African Americans and Hispanics have a greater incidence of hypertension than Caucasians.

Question 35

allens test

Answer 35

determine patency of the radial and ulnar arteries

Question 36

manual compression test

Answer 36

determine the length of varicose veins, and trendelenburg’s test to evaluate valve competence when varicosities are present

Question 37

BP normal

Answer 37

systolic <80

Question 38

Prehypertension

Answer 38

120-139 to 80-89

Question 39

stage 1 hypertension

Answer 39

140-159 to 90-99

Question 40

stage 2 hypertension

Answer 40

> 160 to >100

Question 41

arterial insufficiency

Answer 41

inadequate circulation in the arterial system, usually due to the buildup of fatty plaque or calcification of the arterial wall resulting in diminished pulses; cool, shiny skin; absence of hair on toes; pallor on elevation, red color when dependent; and deep muscle pain, usually in the calf or lower led aggravated by activity and elevation of the limb. pain is quickly relieved by rest.

ulcers due to arterial insufficiency are usually seen on the toes or areas of trauma of the feet or lateral malleolus, the ulcer is pale in color with well-defined edges and no bleeding

Question 42

Arterial aneurysm

Answer 42

is a bulging or dilation caused by a weakness un the wall of an artery. it can occur in the aorta and abdominal, renal, or femoral arteries. sometimes they can be detected by a characteristic bruit over the artery

Question 43

venous insufficiency

Answer 43

inadequate circulation in the venous system usually due to incompetence valves in deep veins or a blood clot in the veins. edema is usually present with normal temperature; feeling of fullness in the legs. skin around the ankles may be thickened and have a brown discoloration. discomfort is aggravated by prolonged sitting or standing and is relieved by rest but only after several hours. ulcers related to venous insufficiency are often

• found on the medial malleolus, characterized by bleeding and uneven edges.
• minimal pain associated with the ulcer, the skin surrounding the ulcer coarse.

Question 44

varicose veins

Answer 44

are veins that have become dilated and have a diminished rate of blood flow and increased intravenous pressure. may be a result of incompetent valves that permit the reflux of blood or an obstruction of a proximal vein.

Question 45

deep vein thrombosis

Answer 45

occlusion of a deep vein, such as in the femoral or pelvic circulation, by a blood clot. there might be no symptoms or the pt might describe intense sharp pain along the iliac vessels, in the popliteal space, or in the calf muscles
aggravating factors: dorsiflexion of the foot,
unilateral edema, low-grade, fever, tachycardia.

Question 46

Raynaud’s disease

Answer 46

arterioles in the fingers develop spasms, causing intermittent skin pallor or cyanosis and then rubor. spasm might last from mins to hrs occurring bilaterally. pt might report numbness or pain during the pallor or cyanotic state, or burning or throbbing pain during the rubor.

Question 47

lymphedema

Answer 47

unilateral swelling associated with an obstruction in lymph nodes.