18. UK Economy Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
What has been the general trend/change in the UK economy?
A
- it has developed from primary sector dependence in 1800’s to secondary sector in 1900 to tertiary and quaternary sectors in 2000’s
2
Q
Why has de-industrialisation occured in the UK?
A
- machines replaced many workers in modern industries
- there is cheaper goods due to cheaper labour elsewhere
- UK goods are too expensive due to high labour costs and lack of investment
3
Q
What has the effect of globalisation been on the UK?
A
- meant more imported goods to the UK and also decline in UK manafacturing
- lead to explosion of UK quaternary sector and boosted world trade
4
Q
What is globalisation?
A
The growth and spread of ideas around the world. This can involve the movement or spread of cultures, people money goods and info
5
Q
What have the changes in the UK’s policies been due to globalisation?
A
- from second world war to 1970’s it was mostly state run industries which were not competitive
- then was privatised from 1970
- in 2010 government tried to reduce reliance on service sectir and done by rebuilding manafacturing sector with HS2 and encouraging global firms to locate in the UK
6
Q
How much does the service sector/the finance sector contribute to GDP and employment (UK)
A
- 72%
- 10% (2 million people)
7
Q
What is a science park?
A
- a group of scientific and techinical knowledge businesses located on a single site
8
Q
What is the university of Southampton Science Park case study? (general info)
A
- opened in 1986, 100 small science and innovation businesses
- e.g FibreCore - fibre optics company
9
Q
what are the benefits of the University of Southampton Science Park?
A
- links with the Uni which provides academic talent and research facilities
- extensive green areas and woodlands so is attractive
- high speed broadband and health club on site
- has excellent transport links, it is close to the M3, the southampton airport and the railway station
10
Q
What is a business park?
A
- an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
- located on the edge of towns (as more land available, less congestion than town, cheaper land)
11
Q
What is some general info about the Cobalt business Park (Newcastle)
A
- UKs largest business park
- North East has economic decline so business there have government assistance
- Siemens, IBM and more in the park
12
Q
What are the benefits of Cobalt Business Park?
A
- has a fitness centre, cycleways and greenspaces
- close to A1 road and is 20 mins from international airport
- receive government assistance
13
Q
What is the impact of industry on the physical environment UK
A
- manufacturing plants can have a negative unappealing effect on the landscape
- transport of raw materials and manafacturing products is generally by road which adds to air pollution
- waste products are often taken to landfill and in the ground they can harm/pollute soil, water and the air
- industrial pollution causes air and water pollution and soil degradation
14
Q
What are 4 ways indsutrial development can be made more sustainable UK?
A
- technology can be used to remove harmful emmissions from power stations and heavy industry
- desulphurisation removes harmful gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power stations
- stricter environment targets for water quality, air quality and landscape damage
- heavy fines for industrial pollution incidents
15
Q
What 3 harmful things can quarries do to the environment?
A
- Scar the landscape
- destroy natural habitats
- pollute water
16
Q
How can quarries be improved after usage?
A
- used as landfill
- used for agriculture
- used for habitat creation
- used for housing
- used for flood storage
17
Q
What is the general info about the Torr Quarry (UK)
A
- Medip Hills Somerset
- 100 people employed, contributes £15 million to local economy
- output fallen from 8million tonnes to 5 million tonnes (rocks used for construction of roads)
18
Q
How is Torr Quarry being made sustainable?
A
- quarry is being used to create willdlife lakes for recreation and water supply
- 200 acres of the site have been landscaped to look natural
- rail transport reduces impact on local villages and roads
19
Q
What is happening to the population of South Cambridgeshire?
A
- population of South Cambridgeshire is likely to reach 189,000 from 154,00
- 1.5 million immigrants (UK), 1 million from Poland
- 29% of population is 65 or more
20
Q
What have been the social effects of an increasing population in South Cambridgeshire?
A
- local rural economy has not been affected as commuters generally use services in town centre
- 80% car ownership means increasing traffic on narrow country roads
- young people cannot afford high cost of homes and move away
21
Q
What are the economic effects of a growing population in South Cambridgeshire?
A
- reduction in agriculutural employment as farmers sell land for housing (though does help construction employment)
- lack of affordable housing
- highest petrol prices in the country
- increasing number of migrants puts pressure on services
22
Q
Where is the Outer Hebdrides and what is its population trend?
A
- it has a decreasing population from 46,000 in 1901 to 27,000 in 2015
- decline due to outward migration as young people leave to seek opportunities
- North of Scotland
23
Q
What have the social effects of the declining population of the Outer Hebrides been?
A
- school children numbers are likely to fall and this means school closures
- fewer working people age on the islands
- increasingly aeging population
24
Q
What are the economic effects to the Outer Hebrides?
A
- main farming economy is breeding sheep
- in 1948 there were more than 900 boats now there are a handful
- foreign ships dominate deep-sea fishing
- 27% increase in visitors to the island (between 2007 and 2014) due to natural unspoiled beauty
- current infratsructure is not enough to support
25
How is the government improving roads/the South-West super highway case study?
- 100 new road schemes by 2030
- smart motoways between Birmingham and London
- £2 billion dollar road widening super highway (creates lots of jobs)
- expands and connects A303
26
How is the government improving rail in the UK/London's Crossrail?
- HS2 - 88 billion plan to connect London to Birmingham
- Crossrail - links Reading and Heathrow to east of London
- £16.8 billion
- improve journey times across London, easing congestion and offering better connections to UK and Europe
- bring 1.5 million more poeple to 45 mins commute of London
- 200 million people expected to use Crossrail per year
27
How is the government improving the UK's ports/Liverpool2?
- new container terminal at port of Liverpool
- £400 million
- doubled the port's capacity
- created over 5000 jobs
- boosts the economy of the north west
- reduces amount of freight on the roads
28
How is the government improving airports/Heathrow expansion?
- aviation is 3.6% of GDP
- employs over 300,000people
- 2 million tonnes of freight per year
- 420000 flights and 35 million seats(domestic)
- new runaway at heathrow (18.6 billion)
- create more jobs and make money for the UK (increased capacity to 740,00/annum)
- people are concerned about noise
29
Why is there a north-south divide?
- during the Industrial Revolution most of the growth was in the coalfields in the North and Scotland and Wales
- however these industries have declined and lead to more unemployment
- London and South east has developed rapidly due to growing service sector
30
What is a local enterprise partnership?
- partnerships between businesses and governments
- identify business needs in local areas and convinve company to invest
- this will boost local economy
31
What is an enterprise zone?
- encourages establishment of new businesses and new jobs in areas with none
- support from government through
- business rate discount of £275,000 over a 5 year period
- provision of superfast broadband
- financial allowances for plants and machineries
- simpler planning regulations
- most in the North
32
What is the Lancashire LEP case study?
- area of traditional textiles industry
- LEP Lancashire will create 50,000 jobs
- Business growth hub with 400 businesses and 1100 jobs
- 20 million in transport improvements
- enterprise zones at Samlesbury means 6000 jobs in AEM sector
33
What are the UK's trade relationships?
- mainly exports to Germany, USA and China (31,432 million, 38588 million, 15934 million)
- mainly imports from Germany (59,365), USA (32,863) and China (33891)
34
What is the television/culture case study?
- 1.28 billion in export earnings 2014
- mainly to english speaking markets but chinese markets are on the rise to £17 million (40% increas)
35
What is the ArcticFibre project?
- links London and Tokyo and Europe and Asia, 15000 km of cables
36
How has the EU affected the UK?
- GDPR
- high unemployment and poor wages in Eastern Europe meant large amounts of migration from EU
- single largest market itw
