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Immunology > Cytokines etc for Immunology > Flashcards

Cytokines etc for Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

TNF-alpha [Function, source]

A

Function: pro-inflammatory

  • enhance adaptive immunity
  • active endothelial cells [inflammation, coagulation]
  • activate neutrophils
  • fever [systemic effects of acute phase response]

Source: macrophages, T cells

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2
Q

IL-1 [B] [Function, source]

A

Function: pro-inflammatory
- fuel acute inflammation
- fever [systemic effects of acute phase response]
- enhance adaptive immunity
- active endothelial [ inflammation/coagulation]
- in liver: synthesis acute phase proteins
- catabolism –> cachexia
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells

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3
Q

Nitric oxide [Function, source]

A

Function
- aid in killing of microbes
Source: macrophages

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4
Q

IFN-gamma [Function, source]

A

Function
1. NK cells release to activate macrophage to kill phagocytosed microbe
2. membrane attack complex activation
Source: NK cells, Th1 cells

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5
Q

C3a [Function]

A

Function

  1. activate inflammatory cells
  2. recruit phagocytosis by macrophages
  3. chemoattraction
  4. activate macrophages to make cytokines
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6
Q

C3b [Function]

A

Function

  1. opsonization of pathogens
  2. phagocytosis of immune complexes
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7
Q

C5a [Function]

A

Function

  1. mediator of Inflammation
  2. recruit phagocytosis by macrophages
  3. chemoattraction
  4. activate macrophages to make cytokines
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8
Q

IL-12 [Function, source]

A

Function
1. increase cytotoxic activity of NK and T cells
2. increase IFN-gamma production NK/T cells
3. Induce Th1 differentiation
4. membrane attack complex activation
5. involved in macrophage activation [indirecrly via IFN gamma]
Source: dendritic, macrophages

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9
Q

Type 1 IFNs [IFN-a, IFN-B] [Function, source]

A

Function = primary barrier to viral infection
1. increase class I MHC expression in all cells
2. activate NK cells
Source: a- dendritic, macrophages; b- fibroblasts

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10
Q

IL-10 [Function, source]

A 
Function
1. inhibit IL-12 production
2. reduced expression costimulators 
3. reduce expression MHC II molecules
Source: macrophages, dendritic, T cells
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11
Q

IL-6 [Function, source]

A

Function: Pro-inflammatory
1. in liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
2. activate B cell proliferation
3. induces Th17 differentiation [along with TGFB]
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells

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12
Q

IL-15 [Function, source]

A

Function
1. activate NK cell proliferation
2. activate T cell proliferation
Source: macrophages

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13
Q

Il-18 [Function, source]

A

Function
1. activate NK and T cells to produce IFN-gamma
Source: macrophages

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14
Q

Membrane attack complex [what makes it up, function]

A

C5b - C9

- lysis of pathogens and cells

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15
Q

C1q inhibitor [C1qINH] [function/mech]

A

regulate complement by:

- blocking classical pathway initiation

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16
Q

Factor H [Function/mech]

A

regulate complement by:

  • inactivating C3 and C4 convertases
  • works with factor I and membrane cofactor protein
  • protects from complement activation in exposed basement membrane [kidney, eye]
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17
Q

CD55 (Decay Accelerating Factor) [Function/mech]

A

regulate complement by:

- accelerating decay of C3 convertase on cell surface

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18
Q

CD59 (Protectin) [Function/mech]

A

regulate complement by:

- Blocking membrane attack complex formation by blocking C9

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19
Q

What is mech of factor B and D?

A
  • bind C3b on cell surface

- amplify downstream complement

20
Q

What 3 cofactors work together to degrade C3B? Into what?

A
  • Factor I, membrane cofactor protein, factor H

- don’t get amplification of C3b signal instead get iC3b that is an opsinin

21
Q

what is function of membrane cofactor protein?

A

inhibits C3 convertase

22
Q

What is DM? What type of MHC? T cell? Function?

A
  • intracellular protein involved in peptide presentation
  • MHC Class II
  • CD4
  • promotes dissociation CLIP [placeholder peptide] rom MHC II to allow to bind antigen
23
Q

What is TAP? What type of MHC? T Cell? Which path of antigen processing?

A
  • transporter protein associated with antigen processing
  • MHC class I
  • CD8 T Cell
  • endogenous pathway
24
Q

What main cytokine does NK cell secrete? What other cytokine released by macrophages activates this secretion?

A
  • NK makes IFN-gamma

- in response to IL-12 released by macrophages

25
Q

What complement pathways involve C4?

A
  • classical

- mannose-binding lectin

26
Q

How is complement a bridge to adaptive immunity? [2 mech]

A
  • C3b binds Cr1/2 on B cell and lowers activation threshold and enhances Ab production
  • upregulations co-stimulation molecules
27
Q

What is function RAG1 and 2?

A
  • VDJ recombinase enzymes

- generate diversity in b/t cell development

28
Q

What is CD3? Function? Where expressed?

A
  • expressed on T cells

- stabilized TCR and leads to signalling downstream of activated TCR

29
Q

Th1 [What induces it, what cytokines it expresses, function]

A
  • induced by IL-2, IL-12
  • secretes IFN-g –> activates macrophages to promote degradation ingested pathogens
  • work against bacteria
  • helps B cells make complement fixing antibodies, respiratory burst, macrophages
30
Q

Th2 [What induces it, what cytokines it expresses, function]

A
  • induced by Il-4, Il-5, Il-9, IL-3
  • secretes IL-4 and IL-5, Il-10
  • promotes B cell production antibodies [IgE]
  • work in allergy/against helminth, anti-parasitic
31
Q

Th17 [What induces it, what cytokines it expresses, function]

A
  • induced by IL-6 and TGF-B
  • secretes IL-17
  • activates/recruits neutrophils + macrophages
  • may play role in autoimmune
32
Q

T regs [2 types, what cytokines it expresses, function]

A
  • FoxP3 cells and TRs that secrete IL-10, TGF-B
  • suppresses surrounding immune response
  • may play role in suppressing autoimmunity [IBD]
33
Q

TGF-B [function, source]

A
  1. Induces Th17 differentation along with IL-6
  2. regulatory cytokine secreted by T regs
    source: T regs
34
Q

IL-4 [function, source]

A

function

  1. induce class switching to IgE
    source: TH2 CD4 cells
35
Q

Il-5 [function, source]

A

function

  1. recruit/activate eosinophils [which bring histamine
    source: TH2 CD4 cells
36
Q

IL-17 [function, source]

A 
function
source: TH17 CD4 cells
37
Q

Two costimulatory signals [which molec on T cell vs pAPC, activated vs naive T cell]

A
  • CD28 on naive T cell binds B7 on APC

- CD40L on activated T cell binds CD40 on APC

38
Q

IgG [major function, what cytokine induces]

A
  • most abundant, fixes complement

- class switching induced by IFN-gamma [TH1]

39
Q

IgA [major function, what cytokine induces]

A
  • mucosal immunity [gut, lung]

- class switching induced by TGFB

40
Q

IgE [major function, what cytokine induces]

A
  • anti-helminth, allergy

- class switching induced by IL-4

41
Q

What is ITIM?

A
  • downregulates/shuts down B cell antibody production
42
Q

What part of Ig changed in class switching?

A

constant region

43
Q

Activation Induced Deaminase [AID] [function]

A
  • somatic hypermutaton/affinity maturation in secondary response of B cell
44
Q

Do CTLs need costimulation?

A

Once activated they don’t!

45
Q

What two things to CTL release

A
  • perforin and granzymes
46
Q

2 Mech of ADCC

A
  1. IgG bound to pathogen-infected cell binds NK cell, Nk cell releases cytokines like IFN-gamma and kills cell
  2. IgE bound to parasite binds eosinophil, eosinophil degranulates to kill cell
47
Q

Il-13

A

secreted in type I hypersensitiviy

Immunology (17 decks)

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