Neonatal Ch 25 part 2

Question 1

the central nervous system develops from the ______ plate

Answer 1

neural

Question 2

consisting of both the brain and the spinal cord, the ______ differentiates into the central nervous system

Answer 2

neural tube

Question 3

the thalami fuse in the midline and form a fusion called the ______

Answer 3

massa intermedia

Question 4

along the choroidal fissure, the medial wall of the developing cerebral hemisphere becomes thin. Invaginations of vascular pia form the ______ of the lateral ventricles at this side

Answer 4

choroid plexus

Question 5

as the mesenchyme in trapped in the midline with the growth of the hemispheres, the ______ is formed

Answer 5

flax cerebri

Question 6

the ______ forms from the cavity of the hindbrain and contains choroid plexus like the lateral and third ventricles

Answer 6

fourth ventricle

Question 7

the space between the bones of the skull are called ______

Answer 7

fontanelles

Question 8

the ______ fontanelle is located at the top of the neonatal head and may be easily felt as the “soft spot”

Answer 8

anterior

Question 9

a double-layered outer membrane that forms the toughest barrier is the ______

Answer 9

dura mater

Question 10

a V-shaped echogenic structure known as the ______ separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum; it is an extension of the flax cerebri

Answer 10

tentorium cerebelli

Question 11

the ______ ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monro

Answer 11

lateral

Question 12

the cavum septum pellucidum forms the medial wall and the ______ forms the roof

Answer 12

corpus callosum

Question 13

the ______ touches the inferior lateral ventricular wall and the body of the caudate ______ borders the superior wall

Answer 13

thalamus, nucleus

Question 14

the third and forth ventricles are connected by the ______

Answer 14

aqueduct of Syvius

Question 15

the lateral angles of the fourth ventricle form the foramen of ______

Answer 15

luschka

Question 16

the ______ surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord from physical impact

Answer 16

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

the mass of special cells that regulate the intraventricular pressure by secretion or absorption of cerebral spinal fluid is the ______

Answer 17

choroid plexus

Question 18

the ______ is located along the lateral-most aspect of the brain and is the area where the middle cerebral artery is located

Answer 18

Sylvian fissure

Question 19

the ______ borders the third ventricle and connects through the middle of the third ventricle by the massa intermedia

Answer 19

thalamus

Question 20

the ______ extends from the pons to the foramen magnum where it continues as the spinal cord

Answer 20

medulla oblongata

Question 21

three pairs of nerve tracts, the ______, connects the cerebellum to the brain stem

Answer 21

cerebellar peduncles

Question 22

both cerebral hemispheres, the basal ganglia, the lateral and third ventricles, the interhemispheric fissure, and the subarachnoid space surrounding the hemispheres are shown in ______ studies

Answer 22

supratentorial

Question 23

the cerebellum, the brain stem, the fourth ventricle, and the basal cisterns are visualized in ______ studies

Answer 23

infratentonal

Question 24

technically a _______ view is 90 degrees to Reid’s baseline

Answer 24

coronal

Question 25

when the transducer is angles ______,the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles appear as slitlike hypoechoic to cystic formations

Answer 25

anteriorly

Question 26

sonography depicts the choroid plexus as a very ______ structure inside the ventricular cavities surrounding the thalamic nuclei

Answer 26

echogenic

Question 27

in premature infants, the caudate nuclei may have ______ echogenicity than the rest of the brain parenchyma

Answer 27

higher

Question 28

the ______ ventricle appears in the midline as a small anechoic space approximately 2 to 3 mm wide, located anteriorly to the vermis

Answer 28

fourth

Question 29

a congenital anomaly associated with spina bifida is a ______ malformation in which the cerebellum and brain stem are pulled toward the spinal cord and secondary hydrocephalus develops

Answer 29

chiari

Question 30

chiari malformation is frequently associated with myelomeningocele, ______ dilation of the third ventricle, and absence of the septum pellucidum

Answer 30

hydrocephalus

Question 31

______ is characterized by a grossly abnormal brain in which there is a common large central ventricle

Answer 31

holoprosencephaly

Question 32

dandy-walker syndrome is a congenital anomaly in which a huge ______ ventricle cyst occupies the area where the cerebellum usually lies, with secondary dilation of the third and lateral ventricles

Answer 32

fourth

Question 33

a dandy-walker variant is present when there is an enlarge ______ communicating with the fourth ventricle in the presence of a normal of hypoplastic cerebellar vermis

Answer 33

cistorna magna

Question 34

complete absences of the ______ is distinguished by narrow frontal horns, as well as marked separation of the anterior horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles associated with widening of the occipital horns and the third ventricle

Answer 34

corpus callosum

Question 35

any condition in which enlargement of the ventricular system is caused by an imbalance between production and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is referred to as ______

Answer 35

hydrocephalus

Question 36

the CSF pathways are open within the ventricular system in ______ hydrocephalus, but there is decreased absorption of CSF

Answer 36

communicating

Question 37

the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is ______

Answer 37

aqueductal stenosis

Question 38

the most common hemorrhagic lesions in preterm newborn infants are ______ hemorrhages

Answer 38

subependymal- intraventricular

Question 39

subependymal hemorrhages are caused by capillary bleeding in the ______

Answer 39

germinal matrix

Question 40

studies from the anterior fontanelle may not detect small IVH’s because intraventricular blood tends to “settle out” in the ______ horns

Answer 40

posterior

Question 41

intraparenchymal hemorrhages appear as very ______ zones in the white matter adjacent to the lateral ventricles

Answer 41

echogenic

Question 42

______ can result from a variety of insults including respiratory failure, congenital heart disease, and sepsis

Answer 42

hypoxia

Question 43

white matter ischemia leads to white matter volume loss or ______ leukomalacia

Answer 43

periventricular

Question 44

the chronic stage of WMN is identified with ultrasound when ______ develops in the echogenic white matter

Answer 44

echolucencies

Question 45

a common complication of purulent meningitis in newborn infants is ______

Answer 45

ventriculitis

Question 46

______ occurs when the ependyma becomes thickened and hyperechoic as a result of irritation from hemorrhage within the ventricle

Answer 46

ependymilis

Question 47

as the transducer is angled ______, the ventricles acquire a comma-like shape

Answer 47

posteriorly