1848 - 1852 : la Seconde République Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
When did the Campagne des banquets begin?
A
9 July 1847
2
Q
What was the Camapgne des banquets?
A
A series of private political meetings that provided a legal outlet for criticism of Louis-Philippe Ier’s regime.
3
Q
Why was the Campagne des banquets stylised as banquets?
A
To circumvent Louis-Philippe Ier’s restrictions on political meetings.
4
Q
How many banquets took place during the Campagne des banquets?
A
70
5
Q
How many people attended the Campagne des banquets?
A
Over 17,000
6
Q
What sparked the French Revolution of 1848?
A
Louis-Philippe Ier’s decision to outlaw political banquets.
7
Q
Why was it important for the Campagne des banquets to have a celebration on 22 February?
A
It commemorated the birth of George Washington, commemorated as a symbol of democracy.
8
Q
When did the French Revolution of 1848 begin?
A
22 February 1848
9
Q
Who resigned during the French Revolution of 1848 in a bid to try and pacify the agitation of rioters?
A
François Guizot
10
Q
When did François Guizot resign?
A
23 February 1848
11
Q
Who did Louis-Philippe Ier pick to succeed François Guizot as Président du Conseil?
A
Mathieu Molé
12
Q
When did Mathieu Molé become Président du Conseil?
A
23 February 1848
13
Q
Why did Mathieu Molé resign as Président du Conseil?
A
He was unable to form a government.
14
Q
When did Mathieu Molé resign as Président du Conseil?
A
24 February 1848
15
Q
Who did Louis-Philippe Ier pick to succeed Mathieu Molé as Président du Conseil?
A
Adolphe Thiers
16
Q
When did Adolphe Thiers become Président du Conseil?
A
24 February 1848
17
Q
How did Adolphe Theirs propose dealing with the French Revolution of 1848?
A
Withdrawing the army to Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine-, Île-de-France before marching back into the capital with a complete army.
18
Q
Why did Adolphe Thiers’s plan to deal with the French Revolution if 1848 fail?
A
Army columns soon began to disintegrate as soldiers deserted to join the popular uprising.
19
Q
What did Adolphe Thiers urge Louis-Philippe Ier to do after their plan to deal with the French Revolution of 1848 failed?
A
Flee to Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France.
20
Q
Why did Louis-Philippe Ier refuse to flee to Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France during the French Revolution of 1848?
A
He insisted on having his regular breakfast at 10:30 before donning his military uniform and reviewing his troops.
21
Q
When did Louis-Philippe Ier accept that he had lost the French Revolution of 1848?
A
After reviewing the Garde nationale on 24 February 1848, who shook their weapons at him and demanded an end to the government.
22
Q
Who did Louis-Philippe Ier abdicate in favour of?
A
His grandson Philippe d’Orléans, Prince royal de France.
23
Q
When did Louis-Philippe Ier abdicate?
A
24 February 1848
24
Q
Where did Louis-Philippe Ier go after abdicating?
A
He changed into civilian attire and fled to Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France under the name “Monsieur Smith”, before leaving France for the United Kingdom.
25
What did Adolphe Thiers do after Louis-Philippe Ier abdicated?
He fled to his home after an immense crowd broke into the Chambre des députés and cried “Vive la République !”.
26
What sort of government was formed after Louis-Philippe Ier abdicated?
A provisional government.
27
Who led the provisional government of the Seconde République?
Jacques Charles Dupont de l’Eure
28
When was the Seconde République proclaimed?
24 February 1848
29
Who proclaimed the Seconde République to the Parisian crowds?
Alphonse de Lamartine
30
What did Alphonse de Lamartine announce to the Parisian crowds on 24 February 1848?
“La République est proclamée”.
31
Where did Alphonse de Lamartine proclaim the Seconde République?
From the balcony of the Hôtel de Ville de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France.
32
When was Alphonse de Lamartine born?
21 October 1790 at Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
33
What was Alphonse de Lamartine's social class?
He was born into provincial nobility.
34
Describe Alphonse de Lamartine's career before politics.
He was a writer and poet, elected to the Académie française in 1829.
35
Describe the development of Alphonse de Lamartine's political views.
He was a former monarchist who came to embrace democratic ideals and oppose militaristic nationalism. Around the time of the July Monarchy, he shifted to liberalism.
36
Describe Alphonse de Lamartine's political career.
Député for Nord from 1833 till 1837, then for Saône-et-Loire from 1837 till the French Revolution of 1848.
37
What were the two Republican camps in the newly formed Seconde Republique?
The Républicains modérés (liberal Republicans) and the “démoc-socs” (democratic socialists).
38
What was the term used to describe people who were Republicans before the Seconde République?
Les Républicains de la veille.
39
What was the term used to describe newly converted Republicans in the Seconde République?
Les Républicains du lendemain.
40
What was Alphonse de Lamartine’s position in the provisional government?
Ministre des Affaires étrangères
41
Why did Jacques Charles Dupont de l’Eure effectively delegate his presidential responsibilities to Alphonse de Lamartine?
Because of his old age (he was 80 at the turn of the Seconde République).
42
When was the drapeau tricolore adopted as the official flag of the Seconde République?
25 February 1848
43
What pushed the provisional government to create the ateliers nationaux?
An armed group of workers forced their way into a government meeting and demanded the “right to work”.
44
What were the ateliers nationaux?
A government scheme to facilitate the provision of labour.
45
How did the provisional government fund the ateliers nationaux?
It placed a new tax on land.
46
What was the consequence of the creation of the ateliers nationaux for the rural population?
The new tax on land alienated the rural population, who were hesitant to pay for unemployed “city dwellers”. So, many simply refused to pay this tax and the government remained strapped for cash.
47
When was universal male suffrage introduced in France?
2 March 1848
48
How many people were enfranchised by the extension of universal male suffrage?
9 million.
49
When did the provisional government issue a decree reducing the size of the Garde nationale?
14 March 1848
50
What was the manifestation des bonnets à poil?
A protest by members of the Garde nationale outside of the Hôtel de Ville de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France in opposition to the government’s decision to reduce the size of the service.
51
When was the manifestation des bonnets à poil?
16 March 1848
52
When were the 1848 legislative elections?
23 and 24 April 1848
53
What were the results of the 1848 legislative elections?
Eugène Cavaignac’s Républicains modérés won 600 députés; Nicolas Changarnier’s Parti de l’Ordre won 200 députés; Alexandre Ledru-Rollin’s Montagne won 80 députés. Turnout was 83.4%.
54
Who were disappointed by the 1848 legislative elections results?
Parisian radicals, who felt that the revolutionary movement was slowing down.
55
What did the 1848 legislative election results spark?
An uprising of “rouges” in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandie between 26 and 28 April 1848. It was suppressed by the military.
56
When was the slave trade finally abolished in French colonies?
27 April 1848
57
When did Jacques Charles Dupont de l’Eure resign as Président du Conseil?
9 May 1848
58
Who succeeded Jacques Charles Dupont de l’Eure as Président du Conseil?
François Arago
59
What was the Manifestation du 15 mai 1848?
Left-wing Parisian militants held a demonstration in support of the Polish cause, burst into the Palais Bourbon, Paris, Île-de-France, and proclaimed an “insurrectionary government” whilst the Assemblée nationale constituante was adjourned.
60
During which event did left-wing militants burst into the Assemblée nationale constituante and proclaim an “insurrectionary government”?
The Manifestation du 15 mai 1848
61
When were the ateliers nationaux closed?
21 June 1848
62
When did the Journées de Juin begin?
23 June 1848
63
How many Parisians participated in the Journées de Juin?
170,000
64
What sparked the Journées de Juin?
The closure of the ateliers nationaux
65
Who was tasked with suppressing the Journées de Juin?
Eugène Cavaignac
66
By which day had Eugène Cavaignac managed to bring the Journées de Juin to an end?
26 June 1848
67
How many insurgents died in the Journées de Juin?
Up to 5,000
68
How many troops died in the Journées de Juin?
Up to 1,800
69
How many people were arrested after the Journées de Juin?
15,000
70
How many people were deported to Algeria after the Journées de Juin?
4,000
71
When did François Arago and his cabinet submit their collective resignation?
28 June 1848
72
Who succeeded François Arago as Président du Conseil?
Eugène Cavaignac
73
When did Eugène Cavaignac become Président du Conseil?
28 June 1848
74
When was the French Constitution of 1848 ratified?
4 November 1848
75
What were the implications of the French Constitution of 1848 on the executive?
A directly elected Président de la République, elected for four-year terms by universal suffrage. He could choose his ministers.
76
What were the implications of the French Constitution of 1848 on the legislature?
A unicameral parliament composed of 750 députés, elected for three-year terms by a scrutin de liste. It would elect members of the Conseil d’État for six-year terms, who would propose laws before sending them to the Assemblée nationale constituante to be voted on.
77
What were the implications of the French Constitution of 1848 on constitutional revision?
Amendments required a majority of three quarters of the députés sitting as a special assembly, three times
78
When was the 1848 presidential election?
10 December 1848
79
What was significant about the 1848 presidential election?
It was the first presidential election with universal suffrage.
80
What were the results of the 1848 presidential election?
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte won 74.31% of the vote, coming out on top in every department besides Var, PACA, Bouches-du-Rhône, PACA; Morbihan, Bretagne; and Finistère, Bretagne. Eugene Cavaignac of the moderate republicans lost with 19.61% of the vote. Alexandre Ledru-Rollin of La Montagne lost with 5.07% of the vote. Turnout was 75.6%
81
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte become Président de la Republique?
20 December 1848
82
Who succeeded Eugène Cavaignac as Président de la République?
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
83
Who did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte appoint as his first Président du Conseil des ministres?
Odilon Barrot
84
When did Odilon Barrot become Président du Conseil des ministres?
20 December 1848
85
What war did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte commit French intervention to?
The First Italian War of Independence
86
Why did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte commit to French intervention in the First Italian War of Independence?
He feared the expansion of Austrian influence in Italy and wanted to win the support of France’s Catholics by restoring Pope Pius IX to the papal throne.
87
When did French troops arrive in Italy to fight in the First Italian War of Independence?
24 April 1849
88
When were the 1849 legislative elections?
13 and 14 May 1849
89
What were the results of the 1849 legislative elections?
Odilon Barrot’s Parti de l’Ordre won 450 députés, a rise of 250, with 50.20% of the vote, a rise of 27.2%? Alexandre Ledru-Rollin’s La Montagne won 180 députés, a rise of 100, with 29.65% of the vote, a rise of 20.7%. Eugène Cavaignac’s moderate republicans won 75 députés, a loss of 525, with 12.65% of the vote, a loss of 55.4%. Turnout was 68.1%.
90
What was the Manifestation du 13 juin 1849?
Socialists and radical republicans led by Alexandre Ledru-Rollin declared that Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was no longer Président de la République and called for a general uprising, directed from the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, Île-de-France. They attempted to stage an uprising but this was quickly suppressed. Ledru-Rollin fled to England.
91
When did France withdraw from the First Italian War of Independence?
2 July 1849, after the Roman Republic surrendered.
92
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte dismiss Odilon Barrot?
31 October 1849
93
Who succeeded Odilon Barrot as Président du Conseil des ministres?
Alphonse Henri d’Hautpoul
94
When did Alphone Henri d’Hautpoul become Président du Conseil des ministres?
31 October 1849
95
When was the loi Falloux introduced?
15 March 1850
96
What was the primary implication of the loi Falloux?
Obligatory education for women.
97
When did the Assemblée nationale constituante impose restrictions on universal male suffrage?
31 May 1850
98
How did the Assemblée nationale constituante place restrictions on universal male suffrage?
Imposed a three-year residency requirement.
99
How many people did the Assemblée nationale constituante exclude from the franchise by imposing the three-year residency requirement?
Three million of the 9.5 million eligible voters.
100
How did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte benefit from the Assemblée nationale constituante’s restriction of the franchise?
He toured the country making popular speeches portraying himself as the protector of universal male suffrage.
101
When did Alphonse Henri d’Hautpoul’s term as Président du Conseil des ministres come to an end?
22 October 1850
102
Who succeeded Alphonse Henri d’Hautpoul as Président du Conseil des ministres?
Nobody – Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte did not select a successor.
103
Who became de facto Président du Conseil on 10 April 1851?
Léon Faucher, as Ministre de l’Intérieur
104
In May 1851, how did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte cause contention with Russia?
He appointed Charles de La Valette, a zealous Catholic clericalist, as the French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in a bid to assert French sovereignty over the Christian population in the Middle East. He also sent the ship-of-the-line Charlemagne to the Black Sea, in violation of the London Straits Convention, forcing the Ottomans to accept French supreme authority over Catholic holy places in the Ottoman Empire.
105
Who did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte appoint as French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in May 1851?
Charles de la Valette
106
What was the name of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte’s plan to stage a coup?
Opération Rubicon (alluding to Ceasar)
107
When did Léon Faucher’s term as Président du Conseil des ministres come to an end?
26 October 1851
108
Who succeed Léon Faucher as Président du Conseil des ministres?
Nobody – Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte assumed the role in conjunction with his presidency.
109
Why did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte pick 2 December 1851 as the date of his coup?
It coincided with the French victory at the Battle of Austerlitz.
110
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte stage a coup d’État?
2 December 1851
111
How did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte stage his coup d’État?
Occupied the strategic points in the city, arrested top opposition leaders, dissolved the Assemblée nationale, declared a state of siege, and decreed the re-establishment of universal male suffrage.
112
Where did the parliamentarians take refuge during Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte’s coup d’État?
The Mairie du Xe arrondissement de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France
113
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte’s coup d’État come to an end?
10 December 1851
114
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte hold a referendum on the continuation of his rule?
20 and 21 December 1851
115
What was the result of the referendum on the continuation of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte’s rule?
92.03% in favour, with a turnout of 81.7%
116
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte enact the French Constitution of 1852?
14 January 1852
117
What were the principal implications of the French Constitution of 1852?
More personal government focused on Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, refreshing his presidency; extending his term in office to ten years, and removing term limits. This was in line with Bonaparte’s belief that democracy should be incarnated by a single person.
118
What were the implications of the French Constitution of 1852 on the legislature?
The unicameral Assemblée nationale constituante became a Parlement français, composed of a Corps législatif (directly elected, but in gerrymandered circumscriptions) and a Sénat (appointed by the Président).
119
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte decree strict press censorship?
17 February 1852
120
When were the 1852 legislative elections?
29 February 1852 (first round), and 14 March 1852 (second round)
121
What were the results of the 1852 legislative elections?
Adolphe Billault’s Bonaparists won 253 of the 261 députés in the Corps législatif with 96.93% of the vote. The opposition won a mere 8 députés with 3.07% of the vote. Turnout was 63.27%.
122
What did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte decree whilst visiting Bordeaux on 9 October 1852?
“L’empire, c’est la paix”.
123
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte confess his desire to construct a Second Empire?
9 October 1852, whilst visiting Bordeaux
124
When was a referendum held on establishing a Second Empire?
21 and 22 November 1852
125
What were the results of the 1852 referendum on establishing a Second Empire?
96.9% in favour, with a 79.8% turnout
126
When did Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaim a Second Empire?
2 December 1852, a year after his coup d’État
