1848 spring time of nations Flashcards
Europe In the Mid 19th century
(cause of the revolutions + want it was like)
Stephanie Jelks (2022): the revolutions of 1848: A wave of anti- Monarchism Sweeps Europe “revolutions of 1848 were largely caused by two factors: economic crisis and political crisis”
Tech. + economic change –> soc. change h/w politic. systems = still based traditional. organisation –>disconnect btw politic. elites + desires of ppl. –> undermining traditional. soc. + politic. structure
French + American rev. Inso. 4 new political ideas inc. sense nat. (replace local identit.) nat. –> calls 4 self det. + creation strong & centralised nat. e.g Americ. constitution (democrat. + repub. ideas) this mixed w growing literacy. –> spread of rev. ideas.
def. France in Napoleonic wars (1803-1815) –> Congress of Vienna (desig. 2 resolve conflict w/o resorting 2 war) Wanted 2 restore peace + stab. in Euro by enlarging Euro. powers (Russia, Prussia, Austria) + smaller nat. divid. among these + other powers & stop rev. ideas = re-estab. trad. order. many Euro ppl. x happy b/c x rec. nat. self set./civil rights –> Unresolved territorial + political issues
Indust. rev. (soc. trans. from rural + agg. soc 2 urban + indust. soc) & soc. upheav. = less confidence in trad. struc. + poor condit. 4 working class –> attracted 2 socialism + mid class x happy w politic./soc. Dom. feudal. aristocratic. b/c although gain $$$ lacked opportunities. 2 govern –>large numbers demanding change
1848: springtime of Nations
+ what were the demands/meanings? impacts
Euro wide revs. 22-24th Feb: revolutions in Paris, feb-March uprisings spread to –> German states (Baden, Bavaria), Austrian Empire (Vienna, Hungary) + Italy (Papal States, Venice) Monarchs forced 2 abdicate + intro of liberal constitut.s/grant autonomy 2 minorities in their boarders
Rev. = uncoordinated + spont h/w based on sim. demands
1)Democracy rep. voting based on prop w unit. male suffrage, creation of parliaments
2) Liberalism: constit. gov. + Indiv. freedoms + replacing monarchies w republics
3) Nationalism: Nation self. self (independence), unification smaller kingdoms
4) socialism: more power + better condit. 4 workers, + workers owning the means of production
Although intuit. succ. monarchs used armies 2 put down the uprisings v little struct. changes brought about. h/w groups continued to advocate 4 politic. change + democrat. reforms implement. in many states
Causes of Growing German Nationalism in the 19th c
prior 2 19thc Ger. divided into 100s of independent states. All spoke Ger+ sim culture h/w diff. laws political systems, religions + currencies
Military/Political - small armies= vulnerable 2 invasion (Nap. conquest 1806- 1813) unity–> stronger army + less vulnerable —> victory over New @ Leipzig unified action by Ger states
Economic - small Ger. principalities = own customs, tariffs + currencies –> trade = costly + ineffective Ger merchants x like state of affairs b/c reduce. ease of trade –>calls 4 unification Zollverein customs union Established. by Prussia (1818) = 25/29 Ger states. Memb by 1838
Cultural- level Ger romanticism–> reinforce comm. cult. identity believed that Ger ppl= lost nat. spirit & encouraged 2 rediscover roots–> return Ger 2 former greatness = have 2 unite
Frankfurt Parlament
causes, events, impacts
Cause: 1815 defeat of Napoleon —> German confederation formed @congress of Vienna =39states inc. Austria + Prussia
Cultural, economic + political
Assembly of mostly middle class liberals (95%) —> create a united Germany
800 delegates from all German states, but no dual rep.
Impacts: Growth of the empire —> offer Fredric William IV king of Prussia, but x crown b/c offered by democratic parliament not princes of Ger.
Pub realise unity = inevitable increase In Prussian Dom + decrease Aus
Prussia in 1860’s
Prussia = most dynamic + powerful, 41% of + 30% of the German confederation culture Dom by conservative land owning elites (Junkers)
1950 Fredrick Wilhelm IV issue constitution 2 entrench existing powers in aristocracy in state surface = lib ideas h/w v conservative votes= weighted according to class voter belong to—> 1/3 of voters controlled 85% seats
1861 Death Fredric Wilhelm —> King W I crowned + appoint Otto von Bismarck = resolve standoff favour king = create Ger + transform 2 glob power
Bismarck + Realpolitik + goals
Realpolitik = politic dec based on circumstances + pragmatic considerations (should make compromises on matters of secondary importance to ensure the primary goal is achieved.
Placate liberals by offering them a united Germany at the expense of democratic reforms +Form temp alliances with other nations to achieve aims, even when they are possible future enemies
goals
1. Bismarck (1858) “There is nothing more truly German than the development of Prussia’s own interests” increase Prussia’s power
2. Unify Germany: “blood and Iron” speech at meeting of Prussian Parliament on 30 sept 1862 unification of Germany would be “not through speeches and majority decisions” and instead Germany would be united but through “iron and blood”
3. Decrease Austrian power (defeat in Astro-Prussian War)
Place the five German entities (e.g. German Confederation etc.) that we have studied in chronological order
Holy Roman Empire (middle ages to 1816) , Confederation of the Rhine (1806-1813), German Confederation (1815-1856), North German Confederation (1866-1871), German Empire (1871-1918)
Identify 3 countries that suffered from revolutions in 1848
France, Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Frankfurt, Prussia, Sicily, Papal States, Hungary, Russia (Not Germany, it doesn’t exist yet!)
Identify the two factions that developed during the Frankfurt Parliament + what was the difference between them?
Grossdeutschland = Austria included in Germany / Kleindeutschland = no Austria
Who was offered the crown of the German Empire and why did he decline?
Fredrick Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia / did not believe that parliament had the right to give it to him
When was Bismarck made Minister-President of Prussia?
1862
Identify one of Bismarck’s goals as Minister-President of Prussia (4)
↑Prussia’s power + territory / ↓ Austrian influence / united German states under Prussia / maintain the power of monarchy
How was the territory captured by the Germans during the 2nd Schleswig War divided?
Prussia was given Schleswig + Austria Holstein
Provide one reason why Austria declared war on Prussia in 1866
Prussia demanded reforms to the German Confederation that would ↓ their influence / insulted their rule of Holstein
Provide one impact of the Austro-Prussian War
German Con = destroyed / creation of N.G. Confederation / Austria X influence German states / Venice given to Italy
