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test 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

What acts as working copies of instructions on how to synthesize enzymes and structural proteins?

A

mRNA

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1
Q

What ensures that hereditary information is passed down and acts as backup system in the event of damage?

A

DNA replication

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2
Q

What experiment allowed us to know there is a hereditary molecule?

A

The Griffith experiment

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3
Q

What experiment discovered the process of transformation of genes from one strain to another?

A

The Griffith experiment

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4
Q

What term describes the process of transformation of genes from one strain to another?

A

Capsule genes

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5
Q

What experiment attempted to determine what component was responsible for the transformation observed in Griffith experiment?

A

The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment

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6
Q

In what experiment were Lysed virulent S strains’ components purified to see if DNA, RNA, or proteins were responsible for transformation?

A

The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment

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7
Q

What experiment used radioactive labeling of etiher proteins or DNA in bacteriophages?

A

Hershey-Chase experiment

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8
Q

Which experiment allowed labeled phages to infect bacterial cells and then determined where each tag ended up?

A

Hershey-Chase experiment

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9
Q

In what experiment did labeled phage DNA go into bacterial cells but labeled phage protein did not?

A

Hershey-Chase experiment

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10
Q

Which people deduced the DNA helix?

A

Franklin, Watson, Crick

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11
Q

What does each nucleotide building block of DNA consist of?

A

Pentose sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base

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12
Q

What is the specific pentose sugar in DNA?

A

2-deoxyribose

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13
Q

Where is the phosphate group attached to in DNA?

A

5’ C of sugar

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14
Q

Where is the nitrogenous base attached to in DNA?

A

1’ C of the sugar

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15
Q

What type of bonds hold the two strands together in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What type of bonds hold together sugar-PO4 molecules in DNA backbone?

A

Phosphodiester covalent bonds

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17
Q

What is the organization of Bacteria DNA?

A

Single, circular structure

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18
Q

What is the organization of Archaea DNA?

A

Single, circular molecule

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19
Q

What is the organization of Eukarya DNA?

A

Linear molecules, 1n and 2n during replication cycle

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20
Q

How frequently are plasmids found in Bacteria?

A

Commonly

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21
Q

How frequently are plasmids found in Archaea?

A

Commonly

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22
Q

How frequently are plasmids found in Eukarya?

A

Rarely

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23
Q

Which domains have histones?

A

Archaea, Eukarya

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24
Q

Which bacteria has a linear chromosome?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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25
Q

Which bacteria has 4-10 copies of its circular chromosome?

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

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26
Q

What is the first step in DNA replication initiation?

A

DnaA protein binds to oriC

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27
Q

Which 2 proteins bind cooperatively with DnaA to form a complex at oriC?

A

DnaB, DnaC

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28
Q

Which protein in DNA replication initiation is a helicase?

A

DnaB

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29
Q

Which protein in DNA replication initiation is a helicase loader?

A

DnaC

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30
Q

Which protein in DNA replication initiation is a primase?

A

DnaG

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31
Q

Which protein in DNA replication initiation is recruited to lay down initial RNA primers for DNA polymerases to extend from?

A

DnaG

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32
Q

Which protein in DNA replication initiation is recruited to help keep the DNA unwound?

A

SSBP (single-stranded binding protein)

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33
Q

How many replication forks exist in DNA replication initiation?

A

2

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34
Q

What comes in to add nucleotides to RNA primers in DNA replication elongation?

A

DNA Polymerase

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35
Q

What removes the RNA primers and fills in the gaps with nucleotides in DNA replication?

A

DNA Pol I

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36
Q

What seals the sugar/PO4 backbone in DNA replication?

A

DNA ligase

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37
Q

Which proteins are bound near ter sites in DNA replication?

A

Tus proteins

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38
Q

What protein must be reached before DNA replication is terminated?

A

Tus proteins

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39
Q

What do Tus proteins recruit?

A

Topoisomerase II

40
Q

What does Topoisomerase II help separate?

A

Catennae

41
Q

What is used in origin recognition in Eukarya?

A

ORC (origin recognition complex)

42
Q

What is used in origin recognition in Archaea?

A

ORC-like proteins

43
Q

What is used in origin recognition in Bacteria?

A

DnaA

44
Q

What is used as a primase in Bacteria?

A

DnaG

45
Q

What is used as a primase in Eukarya?

A

DNA pol alpha

46
Q

What is used as a primase in Archaea?

A

DNA pol alpha-like enzyme

47
Q

What is used as a helicase in Eukarya?

A

Dna2

48
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for replication in Bacteria?

A

DNA Pol III

49
Q

What is the sugar component in DNA?

A

2-Deoxyribose

50
Q

What is the sugar component in RNA?

A

Ribose

51
Q

What base is only found in DNA?

A

Thymine

52
Q

What base is only found in RNA?

A

Uracil

53
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

54
Q

Which RNA is translated into proteins?

A

mRNA

55
Q

Which RNA is involved in translation and charged with amino acids?

A

tRNA

56
Q

Which RNA functions as the structural component of ribosomes?

A

rRNA

57
Q

Which RNA serves in regulatory functions?

A

miRNA

58
Q

What is recognized in the gene’s promoter region by RNA Pol?

A

Consensus sequences

59
Q

Where is the recognition site located?

A

-35

60
Q

What sequence is found at the recognition site?

A

5’ TTGACA 3’

61
Q

What sequence is found at the binding site?

A

5’ TATAAT 3’

62
Q

Where is the binding site located?

A

-10

63
Q

What is the binding site also called?

A

Pribnow box

64
Q

Which promoters are found in Eukarya?

A

Octamer box, CAAT box, GC box, TATA box

65
Q

Where is the TATA box located in Eukarya?

A

-20

66
Q

What is the name for the structure of when sigma factors bind to RNA Pol core enzyme?

A

Holoenzyme

67
Q

What subunit dissociates when transcription begins?

A

Sigma factor

68
Q

What is recruited to the transcription factor/DNA complex in Eukaryal transcription?

A

RNA Pol

69
Q

In what type of termination does transcribed RNA sequence form a hairpin structure?

A

Rho-Independent Termination

70
Q

What nucleotide in the mRNA follows the hairpin in RNA during termination?

A

Uracil

71
Q

Which two nucleotides form weak bonds to promote termination in Rho-Independent termination?

A

A, U

72
Q

What protein binds at rut sites upsteam of terminator sequences?

A

Rho

73
Q

What acts as a helicase in Rho-dependent termination?

A

Rho protein

74
Q

What two things are added to RNA in eukaryotes after transcription?

A

5’ cap, Poly(A) tail

75
Q

What is spliced out of RNA in Eukaryotes?

A

Introns

76
Q

What term describes mutations that affect the sequence of DNA but not the protein that is the output?

A

Genotypic change

77
Q

What term describes a mutation resulting in an aberrantly functioning protein?

A

Phenotypic change

78
Q

What type of mutation is the cause of an error in proofreading?

A

Spontaneous mutaitons

79
Q

What is the least common type of mutation?

A

Spontaneous mutations

80
Q

What type of mutations are the result of the effect of a physical or chemical agent’s action on DNA bases?

A

Induced mutations

81
Q

What are the three types of point mutations?

A

Silent, Missense, Nonsense

82
Q

What type of point mutation does not lead to a phenotypic change?

A

Silent mutation

83
Q

What type of point mutation results in the replacement of a different amino acid?

A

Missense mutation

84
Q

What type of point mutation replaces an amino acid with a stop codon?

A

Nonsense mutation

85
Q

What type of mutation leads to insertions or deletions of nucleotides and changes how a ribosome reads an mRNA molecule?

A

Frameshift mutation

86
Q

What molecule causes deamination of a nucleotide?

A

Nitrous acid (HNO2)

87
Q

What side group on a nucleotide helps it form hydrogen bonds with another base?

A

Amino group

88
Q

What molecule can cause cause replicated DNA strand’s sequence or mRNA to be altered?

A

Nitrous acid (HNO2)

89
Q

What does the induced mutation by UV light cause?

A

Thymine dimers

90
Q

What strand must a thymine dimer form on to inhibit transcription?

A

Template strand

91
Q

Which three enzymes are involved in mismatch repair?

A

MutS, MutH, MutL

92
Q

What type of mutation repair mechanisms recognizes errors in recently replicated DNA?

A

Mismatch repair

93
Q

What type of signal must DNA lack for mismatch repair to occur?

A

Methylation signal

94
Q

What type of mutation repair mechanism excises a small segment of newly synthesized DNA containing an error?

A

Mismatch repair

95
Q

What type of mutation repair mechanism usually occurs after replication and DNA methylation?

A

Thymine Dimer Correction

96
Q

What enzyme cleaves the dimer bond in thymine dimer correction mutation repair mechanism?

A

Photolyase

97
Q

What is photolyase activated by?

A

Blue light

test 2 (3 decks)

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