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Test 2 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

0
Q

At what level of gene expression is ATP use least efficient?

A

Post-translation

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1
Q

At what level of gene expression is ATP most saved?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What type of genes need to be constantly expressed?

A

Constitutive genes

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3
Q

What types of genes are have regulated expression?

A

Inducible genes

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4
Q

What term describes altering a conformation to prevent substrates from binding to an enzyme?

A

Allosteric inhibition

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5
Q

What are some examples of modifications to a protein that can alter enzyme conformations and activity?

A

Phosphorylation, Acetylation, Methylation, Glycosylation

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6
Q

What is commonly used to regulate gene transcription?

A

Operons

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7
Q

What is the term for a transcriptional unit that contains several structural genes and their regulatory elements?

A

Operon

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8
Q

What part of the operon do regulatory proteins (repressors or co-repressors) bind?

A

Operator

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9
Q

What is contained within the lac operon?

A

Promoter (P), Operator (O), lacZ, lacY, lacA

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10
Q

What functional proteins do the three genes on the lac operon code for?

A

B-Galactosidase, Permease, B-Galactoside transacetylase

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11
Q

What lac operon element binds to the operator site on DNA and inhibits transcription?

A

Repressor

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12
Q

What lac operon element increases transcription by enabling an activator or disabling a repressor?

A

Inducer

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13
Q

What lac operon element decreases transcription by enabling a repressor?

A

Corepressor

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14
Q

What lac operon element binds to activator or repressor proteins and modifies their gene regulation activity?

A

Effector

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15
Q

What lac operon element binds to a site on DNA and assists binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter which results in increased transcription initiation?

A

Activator

16
Q

What lac operon site on the DNA is bound by the repressor?

A

Operator

17
Q

What lac operon site on the DNA is bound by the activator?

A

Activator binding site

18
Q

What lac operon site on the DNA is bound by the RNA polymerase and directs the initiation of transcription?

A

Promoter

19
Q

What type of control of transcription involves LacI proteins and Allolactose inducers?

A

Negative control

20
Q

What repressor protein binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase from binding?

A

LacI

21
Q

What inducer binds to the repressor to prevent it from binding to the operator?

A

Allolactose

22
Q

What type of control of transcription involves regulatory molecules and an activator molecule?

A

Positive control

23
Q

What type of molecule binds upstream of an operon at an activator site in DNA to increase the likelihood of transcription?

A

Regulatory molecule

24
Q

What type of molecule increases the affinity of RNA polymerase for promoters?

A

Activator molecule

25
Q

What is the activator molecule of lac transcription?

A

CRP protein

26
Q

What is the co-activator in lac transcription necessary for the activator to bind DNA?

A

cAMP

27
Q

What molecule must be abundant in lac transcription for full activation?

A

cAMP

28
Q

What molecule must be abundant in lac transcription for full induction?

A

Lactose

29
Q

What elements can control expression after transcription but prior to translation?

A

sRNA

30
Q

What type of gene expression regulation involves antisense RNA binding to complementary mRNA molecules at the leader sequences?

A

Regulatory RNA interference

31
Q

What type of post-initiation control of gene expression involves mRNA secondary structure and hairpin formation to release an RNA polymerase?

A

Attenuation

32
Q

What type of post-initiation control of gene expression involves mRNA secondary structure where effectors bind to mRNA and change its shape?

A

Riboswitches

Test 2 (3 decks)

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