Friday Test

Question 1

When does a doubtful law not have binding force?

Answer 1

when doubt concerns the lawfulness of an act and not its validity

Question 2

When can a doubtful law not be applied?

Answer 2

concerns validity of the Sacraments, concerns somthing which is absolutely necessary for salvation e.g. risk of losing eternal life, the safer opinion must be followed, when the question involves an established right of a third party e.g. judge would not be justified in giving judgement on the basis of a probable opinion while refusing to follow what is certainly the more probable opinion

Question 3

What else shoudl one do in doubt?

Answer 3

One must stand in presumption

Question 4

What do most reflex principles stand on?

Answer 4

Decretals of Gregory Ix

Question 5

What are the rights of the third party?

Answer 5

e.g. a judge would never make a decision based on probable opinion

Question 6

what is meant by “in doubt possession is nine-tenths of the law?”

Answer 6

principle forms the basis for the theory of Equiprobabilism and is known in brief as the principle of possession

Question 7

What are the ten reflex principles?

Answer 7

doubtful law does not bind, in case of doubt one must err on the side of where the presumption lies, in case of doubt one must err on the side of the possessor, wrongdoing is not presumed but instead ought to be proved, in case of doubt one must err [even] on the side of one who is guilty, in case of doubt of presumption stands on the side of the superior, in case of doubt one must judge based on what ordinarily is the case what usually happens, in case of doubt one must err on the side of the validity of the act, in case of doubt favors should be extended and disfavors (hostilities) restricted, in doubtful matters one is bound by the minimum

Question 8

What is a possessor?

Answer 8

not just a person, but also truth and falsity…

Question 9

What is the superior?

Answer 9

the higher thing

Question 10

What can be said regarding the validity of the act?

Answer 10

burden on proof is to prove invalidity

Question 11

What is a moral system?

Answer 11

method of arriving at moral certainty from a state of practical doubt

Question 12

What are the seven systems?

Answer 12

rigorism (absolute tutiorism), morderate tutiorism, probabiliorism, equiprobabilism, Pure probabilism, Lax probabilism, compensationism (system of sufficient cause)

Question 13

What is rigorism?

Answer 13

maintains that the safer course must always be followed even though the opinion in favour of liberty is most probable (Condemned by Alexander VIII)

Question 14

What is moderate tutiorism?

Answer 14

less safe opinion which favours liberty can be followed provided that it is most probable

Question 15

What is probabiliorism?

Answer 15

one may follow the opinion that favours liberty so long as it is clearly more probable than the opinion in favour of the law

Question 16

What is equiprobabilism?

Answer 16

when there are conflicting opinions which are eqaully or almost equally probable it is lawful to follow the opinion in favour of liberty when the doubt relates to the existence of law, but if the doubt concerns cessation of law then the law continues to bind

Question 17

What is pure probabilism?

Answer 17

in case of doubt relating to the lawfulness of acts and not to their validity it is always lawful to follow the opinion in favour of liberty if the opinion is certainly probable, even though the opinion in favour of the law is more probable

Question 18

What are the kinds of probability?

Answer 18

Intrinsic Probability and Extrinisc Probability?

Question 19

What is intrinsic probability?

Answer 19

when founded on reasons taken from the nature of the matter to prove its truth

Question 20

What is extrinsic probability?

Answer 20

based on authority of learned men

Question 21

What is an opinion extrinsically probably?

Answer 21

five or six noteworthy authoritiesin favor or at least one outstanding doctor lk STA or SA

Question 22

What are the three kinds of opinion?

Answer 22

certainly, doubtfully, slightly (all three depend on whether opinion rests on sold and firm arguments or doubtful or slight arguments

Question 23

When is probability absolute?

Answer 23

arguments in favor of an opinion considered by themselves appear to be valid

Question 24

When is probability relative?

Answer 24

arguments in favor of an opinion retain their value only when compared with the arguments supporting the contrary opinon

Question 25

what is lax probabilism?

Answer 25

lawful to follow an opinion that is not only certainly probable but even when the opinion is doubtfully or slightly possible

Question 26

What is compensationism (system of sufficient cause)?

Answer 26

one may follow a certainly probable opinion in favour of liberty, while abandoning a more probable opinion in favor of the law but when there is danger of sin there is required a sufficient reason for acting in favor of liberty

Question 27

What are the natural means for the education of conscience?

Answer 27

good education from beginning of childhood, faithful and continual examination of conscience

Question 28

What are the supernatural means?

Answer 28

fervent prayer to God, strenuous fight against man’s disordered passions with aid of divine grace, sacramental confession and obedience to spiritual director