Motion Restrictions and Tone Abnormalities

Question 1

PROM> AROM when?

Answer 1

limited by distension or approximation of soft tissue

Question 2

AROM=PROM when?

Answer 2

bony approximation

Question 3

ligamentous adhesions limit motion in what direction?

Answer 3

the direction that stretches the adhered ligament

Question 4

internal derangements will limit motion in what direction?

Answer 4

the direction that compresses the deranged structure

Question 5

extraarticular lesions limit motion in what direction?

Answer 5

may limit in either direction of compression of structure or tension to injured structure

Question 6

what is the response of myofascial tissue to immobilization (4 things)

Answer 6

loss of gags and water
loss of interfiber lubrication
loss of interfiber distance
new crosslinks adhere to adjacent collagen fibers

Question 7

half life of collagen?

Answer 7

300-500 days

Question 8

half life of ground substance?

Answer 8

1.7-7 days

Question 9

nontraumatized tissue results in what?

Answer 9

fibrosis (tissue degeneration and adhesions)

Question 10

traumatized tissue results in what?

Answer 10

scar tissue formation and contracture

Question 11

define contracture and its cause (3 things)

Answer 11

shortening of any of soft tissues caused by immobilization, imbalance of muscle power, or the result of trauma.

Question 12

immobilization does what to collagen?

Answer 12

collagen develops cross-links, which my prohibit normal collagen alignment and require more force to stretch the tissue

Question 13

define adhesion

Answer 13

the abnormal joining of parts to one another

Question 14

define extraneural tension

Answer 14

problem where nerves pass through tunnels, branch, or where the nerve is relatively fixed

Question 15

define intraneural tension

Answer 15

problem within the meso, epi, peri, and endoneurium

Question 16

intraneural restrictions generally respond to what neuromobilization?

Answer 16

tensor

Question 17

extraneural restrictions generally respond to what neuromobilization?

Answer 17

slider

Question 18

define creep

Answer 18

lengthening of a tissue over time while applying a constant load

Question 19

stress relaxation

Answer 19

while stretching a tissue to a specific length, the amount of force required to maintain that length decreases over time

Question 20

explain the hysteresis loop of stretching

Answer 20

when force and length are measured as force is applied and removed from a tissue, the load deformation curve does not follow the same path. energy gained during lengthening is not recovered 100 percent during shortening. some energy is given off in the form of heat

Question 21

stress is ?

Answer 21

a force

Question 22

strain is?

Answer 22

a deformation

Question 23

steps to increase the length of connective tissue (stretch) (steps)

Answer 23

1. apply load slowly to a maximum tolerable level and maintain the load to allow for creep
2. as stress relaxation occurs, you can increase the force back to the original level and maintain as further creep occurs
3. To avoid injury strain (deformation) should not exceed 2-6%

Question 24

transverse friction massage

Answer 24

mechanically teases apart adhesions

Question 25

strain-counterstrain (SCS)

Answer 25

deactivates muscle spindle, thus muscle tension

Question 26

myofascial release functional release (FRT)

Answer 26

apply direct pressure to muscle to deactivate muscle spindle, uses functional movement pattern

Question 27

myofascial release fixed technique

Answer 27

apply low load static stress to muscle/fascia unit to activate GTO to release muscle tension

Question 28

augmented soft tissue mobilization

Answer 28

uses a tool to identify restrictions and reduce tone. stimulates ruff ini endings to decrease sympathetic activity

Question 29

how long to stretch dense connective tissue

Answer 29

5 min +

Question 30

inhibit the contraction of the muscle to be stretched while you facilitate the contraction of the agonist

Answer 30

PNF

Question 31

resistance generated through the activation of muscle fibers by their neural connections

Answer 31

active muscle tone

Question 32

biomechanical tension germinated in muscle and its connective tissue at the length at which it is being tested

Answer 32

passive muscle tone

Question 33

total lack of tone or no resistance to passive stretch

Answer 33

flaccidity

Question 34

decreased resistance to stretch

Answer 34

hypotonicity

Question 35

increased resistance to stretch

Answer 35

hypertonicity

Question 36

spastic hypertonicity is dependent upon what factor?

Answer 36

speed of the stretch (clonus)

Question 37

rigid hypertonicity is dependent upon what factor?

Answer 37

resistance to stretch

Question 38

multiple rhythmic oscillations or beats in the resistance of a muscle responding to a quick stretch

Answer 38

clonus

Question 39

involuntary contraction of a muscle usually associated with a painful state

Answer 39

muscle spasm

Question 40

abnormal movement that is involuntary and has no purpose

Answer 40

dyskinesia

Question 41

three ways in which physical agents can alter muscle tone?

Answer 41

1. altering accessibility of ATP through improved circulation
2. changing elasticity of tissues
3. changing viscosity, thereby function of tissues

Question 42

characteristics of alpha motor neuron (3)

Answer 42

• cell body in gray matter or anterior horn
• transmits signals from CNS to muscle
• travels through ventral root

Question 43

what type of motor neuron innervates muscle spindles at their end regions?

Answer 43

gamma motor neuron

Question 44

term for alpha/gamma stimulation at the same time during voluntary movement

Answer 44

aplha-gamma coactivation

Question 45

where are golgi tendon organs located

Answer 45

muscle tendon junction