APWH Chapters 7 and 8 Flashcards
Mecca/Medina
Muhammad preached to Meccans, they didn’t accept message. HEGIRA - He and close followers went to Yathrib (now Medina - “city of the Prophet”). Failed again in Medina, but got a few more followers.
Muhammad
Prophet of Allah. Spread Islam. Message given to him by angel Gabriel.
Umma
First Muslim community, formed by Muhammad
Ka’aba
Holiest place in Islam. Large building inside mosque in Mecca. Houses sacred stone. In Mecca.
Five Pillars of Islam
1) Allah one and only god and Muhammad his prophet
2) Pray 5 times daily (publicly on Friday) facing east
3) Observe Ramadan
4) Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in life
5) Alms (zakat) to the poor
Ramadan
Holy month in Islam. Fasting from dawn to sunset.
Shari’a
Law of code drew up by ulama (panel of Muslim scholars) to provide believers with set of prescriptions to regulate daily life after Muhammad’s death. Much drawn from Hadith - collection of sayings of Prophet
Caliph
“Successor.” He was the temporal leader of the Islamic community and was considered to be a religious leader (imam)
Shi’ites
Supporter of Ali
Sunni
Supporters of Umayyad rule
Jihad
“Striving in the way of the Lord,” “holy war”
Abu Bakr
Father-in-law of Muhammad. Selected by Muhammad’s closest followers as caliph. After death office passed to Umar.
Baghdad
Abbasid capital. On Tigris River. Far east of Umayyad capital at Damascus. After death of the caliph Harun, two sons fought civil war for power, destroyed Baghdad.
Crusades
A series of Christian raids on Islamic territories. Caused by cry of Byzantine emperor Alexius I. Called for assistance of other Christians to protect empire against Seljuk Turks. Said that Muslims desecrating Christian shrines in Holy Land. Never had happened. Saladin took over Egypt and Syria, confronted Christians. Invaded Jerusalem. Captured. Saladin didn’t allow massacre of Christians. Allowed faith to be practiced still.
Seljuk Turks
Nomadic people from Central Asia. Converted to Islam. Military mercenaries for Abbasid caliphate. Moved into Persia and Armenia. Occupied eastern provinces of Abbasid Empire. Turkish leader captured Baghdad, assumed control of empire with title of SULTAN “holder of power”.