18th and 19th Century Medicine

Question 1

The 18th century was also known as ___ _____________. Which was…

Answer 1

1) The Enlightenment

2) An intellectual movement which encouraged people to think for themselves and not totally rely on the church.

Question 2

What did The Enlightenment encourage?

Answer 2

A scientific revolution

Question 3

Who could see microbes in wine and vinegar which turned liquids bad?

Answer 3

Louis PASTEUR

Question 4

A French microbiologist did experiments and published his discoveries called ____ _____ in the year ____. He called them _____ because he saw them ___________.

Answer 4

1) GERM THEORY
2) 1861
3) germs
4) germinating (growing)

Question 5

What are the basics of germ theory?

Answer 5

• The air around us is full of microbes
• The germs cause decay
• Microbes aren’t evenly distributed in the air
• Germs can be killed by heating them (sterilisation - Pasteur heated milk and used microscope - called pasteurisation)

Question 6

Name an old idea from the past and who continued to support it after germ theory?

Answer 6

1) Spontaneous Generation Theory - Rotting matter created microbes and microbes spread through miasmata.
2) Dr Henry Bastian

Question 7

Why did Pasteur have a limited impact on medicine?

Answer 7

• He was a scientist, not a doctor
• His theories were about food and drink not health
• He thought germs could make people ill but couldn’t prove it conclusively until 1878

Question 8

Which German scientist read Pasteur’s work and proved his theory (that germs do cause disease)?

Answer 8

Robert Koch

Question 9

Robert ____’s research inspired other scientists over the next 20 years to find bacteria responsible for…..

Answer 9

1) Koch

2) Pneumonia, Diptheria, Tetanus, Meningitis, Plague

Question 10

Robert Koch identified germs for which diseases?

Answer 10

• Cholera, 1883 (and found that is spread in water)

* Tuberculosis, 1882

Question 11

Other than identifying germs for specific diseases what else did Robert Koch do?

Answer 11

He found an easy way to study bacteria on agar jelly in a petri dish by using chemical dyes to stain bacteria so they would be easy to see under a microscope.

Question 12

It ____ ____ to accept Koch’s findings. He went to _____ and proved cholera was __________. However, the British government refused to believe him and felt ______ was the cause, despite proof.

Answer 12

1) took time
2) India
3) waterborne
4) miasma

Question 13

Robert Koch: The ______________ of microbes responsible for certain diseases was a massive ____________ in the __________ of medicine. Now cures and ________ could be found.

Answer 13

1) identification
2) breakthrough
3) progression
4) vaccines

Question 14

Florence Nightingale promoted ________ style hospitals which…

Answer 14

1) pavilion

2) had separate wards so infectious patients could be kept separate.

Question 15

Nightingale and her nurses demanded how many scrubbing brushes to do what?

Answer 15

300 scrubbing brushes to get rid of any dirt near patients being treated.

Question 16

Florence Nightingale’s efforts had a very ________ effect on the _________ ____. Within ___ months it had dropped from ___ to __.

Answer 16

1) positive
2) mortality rate
3) 6
4) 40%
5) 2%

Question 17

What did Nightingale do?

Answer 17

• She radically changed the way hospitals were kept
• Made nursing the professional job it is today
• She made an impact on how hospitals were designed
• Made an impact on how nurses were trained
• Caused the number of skilled nurses to grow due to her rigorous training

Question 18

Name some changes in hospitals.

Answer 18

• BE: Soldiers lying on dirty floors - NW: Clean bedding and good meals provided
• BE: Hospitals were places where people could rest and pray - NW: Place where sick people were treated
• NW: Cleanliness of utmost importance
• BE: Nursing was a simple unskilled job for women in bad circumstances (e.g. poverty, prostitution) - NW: Nursing is a profession due to rigorous training

Question 19

What was the name of Nightingale’s nursing school and when was it established.

Answer 19

The Nightingale School for Nurses, established in 1860 (in St Thomas’ Hospital, London).

Question 20

What were the focuses of hospitals?

Answer 20

1ˢᵗ to clean up germs using ANTISEPTICS

2ᶮᵈ (by 1900) to prevent germs from getting in to start with