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APUSH > 19 > Flashcards

19 Flashcards

0
Q

What were the three great forces of change in America?

A

Industrialization, immigration, and urbanization.

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1
Q

Scott Joplin

A

Renowned ragtime black composer. Wanted to write opera

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2
Q

Who led the exodus to the cities?

A

Young farm women. Because the mechanization of farming was male work. Same time, rising sales of factory-produced goods through mail order reduced rural needs for women’s labor. They competed for city jobs with immigrants, blacks, and city-born white women.

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3
Q

Describe the old immigrants.

A

German was largest. The British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia. Protestants but some Irish and German Catholics.

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4
Q

What made it easy for old immigrants to blend into rural American society?

A

Their mostly English-speaking language, high level of literacy, and occupational skills.

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5
Q

Describe the new immigrants.

A

Southern and Eastern Europe. Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians. Mostly poor and illiterate peasants. Left autocratic countries and unaccustomed to democratic traditions. Largely Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish. Went to cities.

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6
Q

What are the pushes (negative factors) that led people to immigrate to America?

A
  • poverty of displaced farmworkers driven from land by the mechanization of farmwork
  • overcrowding and joblessness in European cities as a result of population boom
  • religious persecution, Jews in Russia
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7
Q

What are the pulls (positive) for immigrants to come to America?

A
  1. country’s rep for political and religious freedom
  2. economic opportunities afforded by the settling of the Great Plains
  3. abundance of industrial jobs in U.S. cities
  4. introduction of large steamships and inexpensive one way passage in ship made it possible
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8
Q

Describe the conditions of ships that immigrants were on.

A

Poor food, lack of privacy and rudimentary sanitary facilites. Arrived tired, fearful, and sometimes sick.

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9
Q

Chain migration

A

Tendency to relocate near friends or relatives of one’s original town

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10
Q

Why did native-born whites begin to stigmatize immigrants as racially different and inferior?

A

Feared loss of privileges and status that were associated with their white skin color

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11
Q

Describe ghettos.

A

Ethnic neighborhoods. Crowded, unhealthy, and crime ridden. Became locked here when laws, prejudice, and community pressure prevented the tenement inhabitants from renting elsewhere.

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12
Q

How were blacks discriminated against in cities?

A

Were driven out of skilled trades and excluded from most factory works. So took menial jobs with low pay: little income for housing. Racist city-dwellers used high rents, real-estate covenants (agreements not to rent/sell to blacks), and neighborhood pressure to exclude them from areas inhabited by whites.

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13
Q

During the 19th century, upper/middle class Americans decided to live:

A

outside of the city and into the suburbs to escape the problems of the city.

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14
Q

What factors promoted suburban growth?

A
  1. abundant land available at low cost
  2. inexpensive transportation by rail
  3. low-cost construction methods
  4. ethnic and racial prejudice
  5. American fondness for grass, privacy, and detached individual houses
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15
Q

How did people like Beecher and advice-book writers justify the position of society’s wealthier members?

A

Appealed to Victorian morality, a set of social ideas embraced by the privileged classes of England and America during the long reign of Britain’s Queen Victoria.

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16
Q

Phillips Brooks, E. L. Godkin

A

Brooks = minister to Boston’s Trinity Church, Godkin = editor of The Nation. Argued that financial success of middle/upper class was linked to superior talent, intelligence, morality and self-control. Ideal of separate spheres = women driving force for moral improvement.

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17
Q

Victorian world view

A

Based on manners and morals.

  • human nature = malleable
  • emphasized social value of work
  • importance of good manners + value of literature and fine arts = truly civilized society
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18
Q

Who wrote The American Woman’s Home?

A

Catharine Beecher, sister of Henry Ward Beecher. Morals! Manners! Proper behavior! Widened the gap that income disparities opened between rich and poor.

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19
Q

What was the new role women had, added to their traditional role as director of the household?

A

Foster an artistic environment that would nurture family’s cultural improvement. Decorating, seeking to make the home a refuge.

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20
Q

Who were some entrepreneurs who built giant department stores?

A

Rowland H. Macy, Marshall Field, John Wanamaker. Helped overcome middle/upperclass reluctance to spend by price wars. Functioned like a social club and home away from home.

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21
Q

How did the number of US colleges increase during the late 1800s?

A
  1. land grant colleges established under Morrill acts of 1862+1890
  2. universities founded by wealthy philanthropists
  3. founding of new colleges for women
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22
Q

Morrill Land Grant Act

A

Public funds generated from state sales of public lands

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23
Q

What were significant changes in college curriculum?

A

Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard, reduced number of required courses and introduced electives to accommodate the teaching of modern languages and the sciences. Also focused on medical education.

24
Q

What were political machines?

A

Tightly organized groups of politicians that controlled political parties in major cities.

25
Q

How did political machines work?

A

Boss was the top politician who gave orders to the rank and file and doled out government jobs to loyal supporters. Started as social clubs and developed into power centers to coordinate the needs of businesses, immigrants, and the underprivilieged. Asked for people’s votes in return. Stole millions from taxpayers in the form of graft and fraud.

26
Q

Thomas Nast

A

immigrant cartoonist who portrayed Tweed ring’s massive fraud and corruption

27
Q

Who sought comprehensive solutions for relieving poverty?

A

Middle-class city leaders. Believed basic cause of urban distress = immigrants’ lack of self-discipline and self-control. Focused on moral improvement. Later, see impact of low wages and dangerous working conditions.

28
Q

What were the groups that were created in aid for the urban poor?

A
  • New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor = Robert M. Hartley
  • New York Children’s Aid Society - Charles Loring Brace
  • YMCA + YWCA - founded in England

Progress in their efforts, but strategy was too narrowly focused to stem the rising tide of urban problems

29
Q

Salvation Army

A

founded when other relief organizations failed. A church established in England by Methodist minister “General” William Booth. Sent to US to provide food, shelter, and temporary employment for families. Ran soup kitchens and day nurseries.

30
Q

Josephine Shaw Lowell

A

Founded New York Charity Organization Society (COS). Widowed when husband was killed during civil war. Wore black forever. Divided NY into districts, compiled files on all aid recipients, and sent visitors into tenements to counsel families on how to improve. Failed to see it from the poor’s point of view.

31
Q

What led reformers to push for even tougher measures against sin and immorality?

A

Failure of other social disciplinarians. Fought over prositution, gambling, and Sunday liquor sales. Purity campaign lasted a measly three years. Why? population too large and ethnic constituencies too diverse.

32
Q

What did ministers focus on for aiding the poor?

A

Instead of moral flaws and character defects, ministers argued that rich and wellborn were also blamed and had responsibility. William S. Rainsford pioneered institutional church movement. Provided social services and a place to worship.

33
Q

Social Gospel movement

A

launched by Washington Gladden, a congregational minister in Ohio. Insisted Christianity commits men and women to fight social injustice. In response to violent strikes, urged church leaders to mediate conflict. Unsuccessful.

34
Q

New approach to social work? Oh do tell. After so many have failed before you. THE SETTLEMENT HOUSE.

A

Relief workers would experience poor stuff first hand. Run down mansion into Hull House. Social center for recent immigrants. Recreational/athletic programs, plays, art prokects, traditional crafts, kindergarten, laundry, employment bureau, etc. Studied housing conditions and sanitation regulations.

35
Q

What were the effects of settlement houses? Were the houses successful?

A
  • trained a generation of young mostly women college students, later served as local government officials
  • functioned as supportive sisterhood
  • played influential role in the regulatory movements of Progressive Era
  • hope for overcome city’s problems

BUUUT mixed success. Immigrants appreciated activites, but felt houses were uninterested in increasing their political power.

36
Q

What factors promoted leisure-time activities?

A
  1. gradual reduction of working hours
  2. improved transportation
  3. promotional billboards and advertising
  4. decline of restrictive Puritan and Victorian values
37
Q

What was the most popular form of recreation in the late 19th century?

A

Drinking and talking at the corner saloon. Saloonkeepers performed small services for patrons, including finding jobs and writing letters for illiterate immigrants. Gave a taste of high-toned luxuery. Prostitution and crime flourished. Drunk men sometimes beat family. Prizefighting was fun.

38
Q

What were other amusements in the late 19th century?

A

Legitimate theaters, vaudeville, circuses, Wild West shows. Transportation allowed countryside park visits to enjoy picnics and outdoor recreation.

39
Q

First organized baseball team?

A

New York Knickerbockers. Baseball demanded teamwork needed for an industrial age. Owners organized teams into leagues, like as trusts of the day were organized.

40
Q

John L. Sullivan

A

most popylar sports hero of the 19th century. Irish immigrant.

41
Q

Where did vaudeville evolve out of?

A

Out of minstrel shows. (whites performing as blacks) Designed for mass appeal. Offered psychological escape from working-class life.

42
Q

Popular amusement parks?

A

Physical escape. New York Coney’s Island: resort for masses. Dancing, rode through Tunnel of Love, roller coaster in Steeplechase, belly dancers.

43
Q

What kind of jobs did women have?

A

Young, unmarried women working as seamstresses, laundresses, typists, domestic servants, department store clerks.

44
Q

How did blacks contribute to popular music in the late nineteenth century?

A

Ragtime. Originated with black musicians in the saloons and brothels of South/Midwest. Contrasted with middle class preferred hymns/moral songs. Syncopated rhythms and complex harmonies. Displayed originality and sensuality. Testified achievements of Scott Joplin, spread rebellion against Victorian repression. Confirmed stereotype of primitive/sensual blacks, helped justify segregation and discrimination.

45
Q

Who codified Victorian standards for literature and the fine arts?

A

Charles Eliot Norton (Harvard art history professor) and New York editors Richard Watson Gilder and E L. Godkin of The Naiton. JOined forces w/ artistic allies in a campaign to improve American taste in interior furnishings, textiles, ceramics, wallpaper, and books. Hoped to created coherent national artistic culture.

46
Q

New Orleans

A

Unique city: varied groups, colored population. Black churches and fraternal societies. After Civil War, white bitterness towards blacks. Then Italians came. Racial tension. Mardi Gras, much party. Marching band tradition. Pioneered new playing styles.

47
Q

Storyville

A

Special district to isolate and regulate prostitution. Hired best black ragtime piano players.

48
Q

Mark Twain

A

Pen name for Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Attacked aristocratic literature and explored new forms of fiction and appeal to general public.

49
Q

Naturalism

A

Described how emotions and experience shaped human experience.

50
Q

Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

A

innocent girl’s exploitation and ultimate suicide in an urban slum. Written by Stephen Crane

51
Q

Genteel tradition

A

good manners and the value of literature and the fine arts as marks of truly civilized society. Rigorous criteria for excellenece. Set up guidelines. Censored publications and no unhappy endings.

52
Q

Louis Sullivan of Chicago

A

Rejected historic styles, had tall steel-framed office buildings. Employees said form should follow its function

53
Q

Frances Willard

A

temperance leader. Career illustrated how the cult of domesticity could evolve into a broader view of women’s social and political responsibilites. President of Woman’s Christian Temperance Union.

54
Q

Name four women colleges.

A

Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Wellesley and Smith, and Bryn Mawr.

55
Q

What were bicycles effects?

A

Appealed to young women who chafed under restrictive Victorian attitudes about female exercise. A woman bicyclist made an implicit feminist statement suggesting that she had broken with genteel conventions and wanted to explore new activities beyond tradition.

56
Q

Why was there conflict over public education?

A

Debate highlighted the class and cultural divisions. Public schools: instrument for indoctrinating and controlling lower ranks of society! Middle-class educators and civic leaders wanted to expand and bring it under centralized control. Opposition from ethnic and religious groups with differed interests/outlooks.

57
Q

William Torrey Harris

A

Worked to increase number of years that children spent in school. Instill a sense of order, decorum, self-discipline and civic loyalty. Models of punctuality and precise scheduling. Systemized public education. Like a factory.

58
Q

Prarie-school houses featuring low silhouettes ad rejecting the bulk and clutter of the typical Victorian home were the creation of

A

Frank Lloyd Wright

APUSH (9 decks)

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