19 class aves

Question 1

(avis =

Answer 1

birds

Question 2

“avian reptiles/dinosaurs”
* Approx. 10,000 living species, making them the worlds most successfully diverse class of tetrapods

Answer 2

class AVES

Question 3

maintain its body at a metabolically favourable temperature by the use of heat set by its
internal bodily functions instead of relying on environmental temperature (a.k.a. “warm-blooded”)

Answer 3

ENDOTHERMS

Question 4

the stiff axial shaft

Answer 4

Rachis

Question 5

hollow and semi-transparent
proximal end

Answer 5

quill (calamus)

Question 6

flattish, distal portion

Answer 6

vane

Question 7

comprises the vane

Answer 7

barbs

Question 8

small hooks in each barb which hold together adjacent barbs.

Answer 8

Barbules

Question 9

gives the bird its outward
form

Answer 9

Contour feathers

Question 10

main feathers for flight

Answer 10

Flight feathers

Question 11

soft tufts hidden behind
contour feathers

Answer 11

Down feathers

Question 12

hair-like, degenerative
feathers

Answer 12

Filoplume Feathers

Question 13

of feathers is a highly orderly process.

Answer 13

molting

Question 14

Feet are covered with

Answer 14

horny epidermal scales

Question 15

found at base of tail; produces oil that keeps feathers waterproof (hence why you see birds reach their beak to their tail before they groom themselves)

Answer 15

preen gland

Question 16

Hindlimbs and pelvic girdle are modified for

Answer 16

bipedal (2-legged) locomotion

Question 17

the reduced tailbones which are fused together

Answer 17

Pygostyle

Question 18

– boat-like extension of the sternum which anchors the pectoral muscles (which are the main muscles for flight)

Answer 18

keen

Question 19

largest muscle in bird; produces the downward stroke of wings

Answer 19

Pectoralis major

Question 20

raises the wings

Answer 20

Pectoralis minor

Question 21

– In pigeons and doves, the crop can produce a protein-
rick “milk” that ar regurgitated to feed their chicks

Answer 21

crop milk

Question 22

– (usually 7 to 9 sacs) extensions of the lungs that
connects with air cavities in the bones to fill them with air;
takes up 75% of inhaled air (the remaining 25% goes to the lungs)

Answer 22

air sacs

Question 23

the voice box of birds; muscular chamber in the
trachea which produces sound.

Answer 23

Syrinx

Question 24

Kidneys extract waste from bloodstream and excrete it as

Answer 24

uric acid

Question 25

No urinary bladder or external urethral opening. Uric acid is excreted with feces as a

Answer 25

semisolid waste

Question 26

Eyes with upper and lower lids, and a 3rd eyelid (called

Answer 26

nictitating membrane

Question 27

Most males have no penis, so copulation is by meeting cloacas (called

Answer 27

“cloacal kiss”

Question 28

(covered with down feathers and can run and swim right after hatching)

Answer 28

prococial

Question 29

(naked and unable to see or walk at birth)

Answer 29

altricial

Question 30

relies on experience and navigational resources from older birds

Answer 30

“Birds of the same feather flock together”

Question 31

(including penguins) tend to gather in large colonies to nest and rear young

Answer 31

Sea birds

Question 32

tend to seek isolation for brooding and rearing young

Answer 32

Land birds

Question 33

“many females”

Answer 33

polygyny

Question 34

“many males”

Answer 34

polyandry

Question 35

This refers to newly hatched birds that are naked and blind at birth.

Answer 35

Altricial

Question 36

This is excreted by avians along with their feces.

Answer 36

Uric acid

Question 37

These are extensions of the avian lungs that connects with air cavities in bones.

Answer 37

Air sacs

Question 38

This is the major muscles of flight.

Answer 38

Pectoral muscles