1900-1906 Flashcards
(107 cards)
0
Q
How many seats did the conservatives get in the 1900 election
A
334
1
Q
How many seats did the conservatives get in the 1900 election
A
334
2
Q
How many seats did the INP get in the 1900 election
A
82
3
Q
How many seats did the Labour Party get in the 1900 election
A
2
4
Q
When was the boer war
A
1899-1902
5
Q
In the 1900 what countries were in the British empire
A
Canada, Australia, India, South Africa, east Africa, New Zealand
6
Q
What was the position of Gb by 1900 politically
A
Monarch strong force in politics
House of Commons- elected in
House of Lords- appointed by queen
Men could vote as long as they owned a property
7
Q
What was the position of Gb by 1900 economically
A
Mid Victorian boom
1850’s followed a policy of free trade and laizzez faire economics
Rivals Germany (education and engineering) and America ( agriculture for cheap grain)
8
Q
What was the position of Gb by 1900 internationally
A
Largest empire in the world
Key issues in Africa and India. Africa held last land left to be colonised- Germany interested in
India “jewel in the crown”
9
Q
What was the position of Gb by 1900 socially
A
Official religion was Anglican, those who weren’t were called non conformists
3 classes- landowning, middle class, working class ( split into 2 section factory and unskilled)
Ethos that if you were poor it was because you were lazy
Women increased employment, suffragette movement
10
Q
What was the population in Britain C.1900
A
38 million
11
Q
What w the British army size in C.1900
A
975,000
12
Q
Who did surveys on poverty C.1900
A
Rowntree (York) and booth (London and Liverpool)
13
Q
What is primary poverty
A
Where a persons wages fall short of their needs to subsist
14
Q
What were the international threats in Britain C.1900
A
“Splendid isolation”
Concerns of rise of Germany, instability in the Balkans , tension in France, national interest
15
Q
What were the political problems for Britain C.1900
A
War in South Africa 1899-1902
Rise of Irish nationalism- home rule
Rise in T.U and labour problems
16
Q
What was the British name for South African Republic
A
Transvaal
17
Q
When did the Transvaal declare war on Britain
A
1899
18
Q
Why did the Transvaal declare war on Britain
A
Long term tension
Uitlander problem after the discovery of gold an diamonds
19
Q
What is a Uitlander
A
S.A name for outsider/ foreigner that occupied the Transvaal
20
Q
Who were the main three in the boer war
A
Joseph chamberlain
Alfred Milner
Paul Kruger
21
Q
Who was Kruger
A
President of the Transvaal. Anti British, received german aid
22
Q
What was the first phase of the boer war and what year
A
1899- boers besiege maffeking, lady smith and Kimberly
23
Q
What were the British tactics in the boer war
A
Blockhouses- control points
Concentration camps
‘Scorched earth’ reprisals
24
What happened at the end of the boer war
March 1902 the boers contacted Kitchener to begin negotiations
Meet at verneeging
Peace party prevailed
British agreed to compensate the boers for destruction, once they accepted the annexation of their republics
May 31st treaty of verneeging signed
25
What were the casualties in the boer war
```
British 22,000
Boer soldiers 7,000
Boers in camps 28,000
Blacks 15,000
Farms destroyed 30,000
```
26
How much did the boer war cost the British
250 million
27
What were the impact of the boers war
>S.A union, development of national party dominance
>British representation bad- conc camps and bad military strength
>Cost ALOT
Treaty of Vereeniging
28
What happened in the Taff vale case
In 1900 there was a strike against the Taff vale railway. The company sued them ( the union, the Amalgamated society of railway workers) and won for £23,000
Balfour set up the royal commission which was ineffective as it want released until 1906
29
When was the education act
1902
30
What was the eduction act
Old school boards abolished
Local Education Authorities (LEA) responsible for elementary and secondary schools
Church schools received financial aids
Scholarship programs set up
31
Why didn't people like the education act
Non conformists didn't like the support of church schools
32
When was Chinese slavery
1903
33
What was Chinese slavery
When Balfour sanctioned the import of Chinese workers to help re build the economy.
They were placed in concentration camps
34
Why was Chinese slavery unpopular
Chinese stole jobs from white people
| Concern camps were a reminder of the embarrassments of the boer war
35
When was the land act
1903
36
What was the land act
Provided government loans to Irish so peasants could become land owners
37
Why was the land act unpopular
It focused on the Irish. No relevance to people in England
38
When was the unemployed work men's act
1905
39
What was the unemployed work men's act
Helped the urban unemployed find find work through labour schemes
This was inadequate as it relied on private funds
40
What were some of Balfours successful policies
Ed act
Land act
Royal commission
41
What were the failures of Balfour
Chinese slavery -embarrassment
Taff vale - lack of action
Tariff reform - split the party, unclear
Resigning
42
When did Balfour resign
December 1905
43
What is conservatism
Defence of tradition
Reform of proven abuses
Nationalism
44
How many seats did the liberal get in the 1906 election
400
45
What was the liberal party divided over in 1906
Irish devolution
Empire
Social reform
46
How many seats did the conservatives get in the 1906 election
157
47
How many seats did the Labour Party get in the 1906 election
52*
48
when was the Lib-Lab pact signed
1903
49
who signed the Lib-Lab pact
Herbert Gladstone (Liberals) and Ramsey McDonald (LRC)
50
what is the LRC
Labour Representative Comity
51
who was the Lib-Lab pact between
Liberals and LRC
52
What did the Lb-Lab pact say
Liberals agreed not to put up candidates in 35 seats where the LRC had a better chance of winning, the LRC reciprocated that
53
in which constituencies did the Lib-Lab pact focus
where the unionists might possible win the seats in the event of a split vote between the liberals and LRC
55
Why did the Liberals make the Lib-Lab pact
>T.U, funding went to the liberal party, to secure the vote
>the liberals had done badly in the 1900 election
>avoid splitting the marginal seats
>'tactical move to head off threat of Labour
>save money- not having to compete in 35 seats
>avoid loss of support from skilled workers
56
Why did the Liberals win by a landslide victory
```
> Own actions- LibLab
> Balfours mistakes
> Boer War- national efficiency
> Support base- non-conformists
> Tariff Reform Issue
```
57
What was the Tariff Reform Issues
Unionists were split over the issue
| Liberals agreed on Free Trade -> two loaf propaganda
58
Balfours Weaknesses
```
> exposed national efficiency
> Taff Vale Case
> Tarriff Reform
> Chinese Slavery
> Land Act only for Ireland
> resigned Dec 1905 to weaken Liberals but it strengthened them- costing him the election
```
59
Balfours strengths
> Ed Act 1902
> Land Act 1903
> Royal Commission
60
Social Reforms
```
Children:
> 1906 Ed Act free school meals
> 1907- Ed Act medical inspection
> 1908- Childrens Act
> 1912- School clinics
```
Elderly:
1908 Old Age Pensions
```
Workers:
> 1906- Trade Disputes Act
> 1906- Merchant Shipping Act
> 1906- Workers compensation Act
> 1908- Miners Act
> 1909- Osbourne judgment
> 1909- People Budget
> 1911- National Insurance Act
>1911- T.U amendment/ union act
```
61
1906 Education Act Free School Meals
L.E.A's could provide free school meals , not complsory
| > 1924-158,000 per day with 14m. benefitting
62
1907 Ed Act Medical inspection
Drs and nurses to schools for medical inspections
> compolsory
> if something was wrong they had to pay for medicine
63
1908 Childrens Act
```
made children 'protected people;
> parents could be prosecuted for cruelty
> Poor Law Authorities responsible
> no adult prison under 14
> no alcohol under 14
> no cigarettes under 16
```
64
1912 School Clinics
free medical care for children
65
Old Age Pensions Act 1908
> eligible if 70+ , 'moraly fit' , earnt £21-£31 pa. (£21 meant you got full payout0
> single got 5spw
> married got 7s6dpw
> by 1914 14, using
66
1911 National Insurance Act
```
2 sections Health and Employment
HEALTH:
> workers insure themselves- COMPULSORY
> workers-4d
Employers- 3d
Gov.-2d
> received 10pw for 13 weeks
```
EMPLOYMENT:
> aimed at seasonal unemployment
> workers, employers and gov.- 2d each
> 7s6dpw for 15 weeks
- only for worker not family
- had to have made sufficient payments
- if you earned less than £160pa
67
what is New Liberalism
```
1] improving GB economic position
2] improving National Efficiency
3] improving efficiency
4] improve poverty
3] changing taxation
```
68
why was there new liberalism
```
> Boer War
> National Efficiency
> socialism more popular
> research -> Booth and Rowntree
> changing views on Tax -> 'productive' and 'unproductive' tax, lower income tax on moderate incomes
```
69
why did the Parliment crisis occour
Balfour had majority in HofL- rejected bills e.g. Bill to stop plural voting 1906 and 1909 licensing Bill aimed to restrict consumption and sale of alcohol and 1906 Ed Bill so teachers could be appointed without religious tests
70
what caused the parliment crisis
1909 people budget was the trigger imposing super tax 'making the rich pay'
> HofL rejects the budget -> Asquith call them unconstitutional
71
Jan 1910 election results
Lib 275
cons 273
Labour 40
INP 82
72
Dec 1910 Election results
lib 272
con 272
Labour and INP support libs
73
what happened in the parliment crisis
after the 1909 budget was rejected
> Asquith threatens to go to George 5 and asked if he would appoint peers in HofL -> not bluffing
> 1911 Parliment Act
- HofL cannot reject a money bill
- Any bill passed by HofC 3 times cannot be rejected in HofL
- life of parliment 5yrs not 7
74
Suffragettes Context
1869- gained vote in town councils in municiple bouroughs
1870- could be elected into school boards
1875- could be elected as poor law guardians
1889- included in local gov. franchise
1881- married womans property act- if a woman took a property into a marriage she could take it out
75
Suffragette movments
NSWS- national society for womens sufferage
NUWSS- national union womens sufferage society
WSPU- womens social and political union
76
NSWS
formed 1868 and reformed 1897
| > want right to vote
77
NUWSS
> want political emancipation BUT split over 1] all women and men over 21 get vote or 2] included on saem terms as men
78
WSPU
> immediate equality with men
> pankhursts
> ILP support
79
militancy of suffragettes
> attack property- smash windows, arson, vandalism, mail destruction, pepper mail, blew up post boxes, chained to railings and disrupt meetings
> 1913- Derby Emily Davidson
>1912-> wild phase
> cat and mouse act 1913 -> could be released and rearrested
> Concilation Bill proposed enfranchisment of women if householder =8% of women -> rejected
> 1911 Asquith proposed full enfranchisment of men over 21
80
Ireland Background
1886/1892 - proposed 1st and 2nd home rule bill-> rejected
1903 land act-> lost political weapon
1911 parliment act = oppertunity
81
cultural revival in Ireland
sport- hurling
Gaelic League 1893
Gaelic Athletic Association 1884
dance and music
82
Irish Party leader
James Connolly- Irish National Republic
Arthur Griffiths- sinn fein
Patrick Pearse- IRB
Redmond- INP
83
James Connolly
Irish National Republic
> wanted industrialisation to overcome oppression
>Workers Republic newspaper
84
Arthur Griffiths
Sinn Fein
> united irishmen newpsper
> carry on as if independant -> 'austrian solution'
85
Patrick Pearse
IRB
> romantic nationailst
> teacher- taught of evils of Britain
86
Redmond
INP
| devolution
87
event of 1914 in Ireland
UVF import 25k rifles and are allowed
IVF rifels are blocked
HR suspended during WW1
88
Trade union context
```
membership increased 1910-1914 2.5-4m
>real wages decreased
> prices increased
> unemployment fell
living standards fell
```
89
militancy in Trade Unions
1910- miners strikes in wales- Tonypandy -> churchill sends troops
1911- Liverpool -> dock workers strike -> 2 killed
1911- Llanelli - 2 killed
1912- National Pit Strike
90
Trade union membership
```
union/members/strikes
1900- 1323/ 2m/ 633
1909- 1260/2.5m/422
1913- 1260/4.1m/1459
1914- 1250/4m/972
```
91
Osbourne Judgement
1909
| > Made T.U contribution to political parties illegal
92
Trade Disputes Act
1906
| > unions on strike could not be sued by employers
93
T.U union/Amendment Act
reversed Osbourne Judgement
94
The Tariff Reform Issue
>Chamberlain- british industry 'demanded' protection -> breathing space from cheap imports, could fund social reforms and modernisation and 1093declared himself in favour of an imperial preference tariff system designed to bring about an economic integragation of the empire
> Chamberlain headed Tariff reform League 1903 -> FT unionists made Unionist Free Trade League -> Churchill deflected to Liberals
> Balfour 'fence sitting strategy' but pro-FT
95
What was the threat of Labour
> 1910 creation of LRC -> reject Lib + Unionist and seek independent representation
> TU membership increased
> took votes
> Policies
96
electoral seats of Labour
1900- 2
1906- 29
1910- 42
1922- 142
97
did the liberals cope with the threat of Labour
```
YES
>lib-lab
> social reforms
> retained dominance
> kept support of TU
```
NO
> increased militancy
> labour seats increased (2-42 1900-1910)
> Dangerfield states they did not adapt to face the threat
> 1910 50% TU Labour Affiliated
98
Greys foreign policy theories
>Arthur Nicholson - didn't do enough - TE should have been turned into an alliance doing it may have made G think twice and not done Schlifflen plan
> Attempted to please G too much which encouraged aggression
> Harcourt- should have remained isolationist
99
Grey foreign policy
> 1906 ->
> middle ground?
> follow in footsteps of Landsdown who began brining GB out of isolation
>' G should not count on GB neutrality but F and R should not count on our support'
100
response to challenge of G and the formation of Ententes
```
> 1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance
> 1904- Entente cordiale
> 1907- Triple entente
> 1911- Agadir = naval agreement
1889 2 power standard
> 1899-01 attempts at G/GB alliance
```
```
> 1905 morrocan
> 1905 scheifflen plan completed
> 1906 dreadnoughts- 'We want 8 and wont wait' 27:19
>1908 Bosnian crisis
> 1911 2nd Moroccan
```
101
outbreak of war
> strategy and security
-GB in control of approaches to GB (Atlantic and N.Sea) Navy in control of trade routes
- Ireland, Holland, Belgium could be used to access GB- guarenteed neutrality and independence
> Trade and Commerce
-needed to export + produce raw materials
> Balance of power
- no one continental power to rule
> Belgium question -> 1839 Treaty of London
> Sarajevo
102
Asquith as a leader
> traditional 'everything as usual'
> embarrassed by Galipoli and shell crisis
> Coalition 1915
> conscription
> resigned 1916-> son died, alcoholic and depression
103
Lloyd George as a leader
> set up political HQ
>opposed by Asquith and 2/3 of liberals
> pro-conscription
> 'man who won the war'
104
Impact of WW1 on liberalism
```
> split -LG and Asquith
> Coalition 1915
> DORA
> Morley and Burne resigned
> against pacifism and morality
```
105
Impact of WW1 on Politics
```
> Gov. change
14- Aq
15- coalition Aq
16- Coalition LG
> party opinion changed
> Ireland INP + unionists volunteer, INP wiped out and Sinn Fein increased in popularity
HR -> devolution
```
106
Impact of WW1 on the Economy
> DORA
> 1915- treasury agreements TU increased 4-6m
> 1918- 80% self sufficient
> mining nationalised
> railways under gov. control- railways excec. committee, 10 general managers over 130 companies
> fixed food prices -> wheat, rice + suga, food controller, POW and Women helped, 3mill acres made into farm land
> new industries - ships to keep up with Uboat destruction
107
Impact on WW1 on Society
> women- increased employment, min. wage (=output or same as men), perceptions changed -> 1917 Asq. claimed pro-women, vote 1918 if over 30
> Men- over 21 full sufferage or over 19 if in active service (6m- 22m voters)
> Class- blured and A.Taylor 'the war cut into the conciousness of modern man'
