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Crime And Punishment c1000-1500 > 1900s - Present Day > Flashcards

1900s - Present Day Flashcards

1
Q

What were 3 main issues in prisons?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Understaffing
  • Low budgets
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2
Q

What 3 things changed after 1922 in prisons?

A
  • More visits were allowed
  • Convict crop hairstyle was banned
  • Solitary confinement introduced
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3
Q

When was the first open prison built and why?

A

1933 so that prisoners could go to work

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4
Q

Why had the fear of crime declined?

A

People understood that you can’t inherit criminal habits and people weren’t just born criminals

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5
Q

When was the death penalty for arson in the Royal Dockyard abolished?

A

1971

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6
Q

What Act was passed in 1973 and what was this?

A

NI Act, abolishing the death penalty

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7
Q

What year was the death penalty for espionage abolished and what was the name of the Act?

A

Armed Forces Act in 1981

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8
Q

What significant act banned the death penalty entirely in 1998?

A

Human Rights Act

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9
Q

What did the UK sign in 2004 abolishing the death penalty under all circumstances?

A

13th Protocol to the European Convention

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10
Q

What did the UN issue in 1947 stating ‘everyone has a right to life’?

A

Declaration of Human Rights

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11
Q

How many executions were declared a year for murder in 1840?

A

15

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12
Q

In 1957, executions were abolished for everyone however there were 3 exceptions. What were they?

A
  • If the murder victim was a police officer
  • If more than 1 person was murdered
  • If the murder occurred through theft
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13
Q

Give 4 reasons people thought the death penalty should be abolished.

A
  • Other European countries had abolished it
  • It was against the teachings of Christianity
  • Mistakes were sometimes made, with the wrong person executed
  • It seemed barbaric after the horrors of World War II
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14
Q

Why did some want to retain capital punishment? (4)

A
  • It was a good deterrent
  • Life imprisonment was more expensive
  • Execution would avenge the victim
  • Murderers may kill again
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15
Q

What was Evans hanged for, when he thought he was the reason for their failed abortion?

A

His wife’s death

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16
Q

In what year was Evans posthumously pardoned?

A

1966

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17
Q

Who was the last woman to be hanged in 1956 for murdering who?

A

Ruth Ellis for murdering her abusive husband

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18
Q

What is the largest category of crime?

A

Car theft

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19
Q

In 1935, who did not need a licence?

A

Motorists

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20
Q

Why is smuggling harder to prevent?

A

Transport is better

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21
Q

In what years do the IRA carry out bomb attacks?

A

1970s - 1990

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22
Q

What happened in July 2005 and how many people were killed in the process?

A

Muslims carried out suicide bombings killing 56

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23
Q

In late 1990s, which offences increased and why?

A

Violent and sexual offences because people were more willing to report them

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24
Q

In what year was a new law covering hate crimes formed?

A

2006

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25
Q

For what other reasons did crime in general increase? (3)

A
  • Police are more sympathetic
  • Police are better trained
  • Crime was recorded more consistently than before
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26
Q

How many men refused to fight in the war?

A

16,000

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27
Q

Why did people refuse to fight? (2)

A
  • Religion
  • It was a war between rulers that did not concern them
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28
Q

How did people act towards conchies?

A

They were hostile towards them and called them cowards

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29
Q

Where did conchies have to apply for an exemption certificate?

A

The Local Tribunal

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30
Q

What were alternativists prepared to do? Give an example.

A

Other war work like providing medical help on the frontline

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31
Q

What were absolutists prepared to do?

A

Nothing to do with the war.

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32
Q

What were absolutists convicted of and why was this punishment granted to them?

A

Death sentence only to deter others

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33
Q

How many conchies died in prison?

A

73

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34
Q

In WWII what did conchies lose the right to?

A

They could not vote anymore

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35
Q

Since what year do all officers have to complete basic training at the National Police College?

A

1947

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36
Q

What were dog handling units used for? (2)

A
  • To sniff out drugs
  • To strengthen police presence
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37
Q

Which unit fought crimes that attempted to obtain financial advantages?

A

Economic Crime Unit

38
Q

What did the National Crime Agency do?

A

Tried to cut organised crime

39
Q

Which unit combatted e-crime?

A

Police Central e-crime

40
Q

Who does the Special Branch work with?

A

MI5

41
Q

By 1970s what was there no more of?

A

No more foot patrol

42
Q

Since what year was there now fingerprint and chemical analysis?

A

1901

43
Q

Since 1930s what do all officers now carry?

A

2 way radios

44
Q

What is the ANPR?

A

Automatic Number Plate Recognition

45
Q

What PNC holds records and fingerprints since 1974?

A

Police National Computer

46
Q

When did Neighbourhood Watch begin?

A

1982

47
Q

When were the first female officers introduced?

A

1920

48
Q

In what year were 7% of officers female?

A

1977

49
Q

In what year are the percentage of female officers 28%?

A

2015

50
Q

In 1900, how many local police forces and officers were there?

A

200 local police forces and 42,000 officers

51
Q

In 1900, how many miles was the daily beat and what was the only training?

A

20 miles. Military drills was the only training.

52
Q

In 1900, what was the equipment? (3)

A

Pistols, whistle and truncheon

53
Q

What is the equipment now? (4)

A
  • Baton
  • Pepper spray
  • CS gas
  • Tasers
54
Q

How was Derek Bentley handicapped?

A

He had severe learning difficulties and was easily led.

55
Q

How old was Bentley and how old was Craig when they were caught?

A

19 and 16

56
Q

In what month and year were they caught?

A

Nov 1952

57
Q

Who asked Craig to hand the gun?

A

Detective Sergeant Fairfax

58
Q

What did Bentley say meaning that Craig shot Fairfax in the ……. ?

A

“Let him have it!”. Craig shot him in the shoulder

59
Q

Why was Bentley executed, when Craig wasn’t?

A

He was old enough whereas Craig was a minor

60
Q

Why was there sympathy towards Bentley? (2)

A
  • He was not very intelligent
  • His wording brought controversy
61
Q

When was Bentley pardoned?

A

1998

62
Q

After 1940s what 3 things increased?

A
  • Average length of sentences
  • Chance of sentencing
  • Number of people awaiting trial (on remand)
63
Q

What did Ofsted judge over half the prisons as in 2014?

A

Inadequate for learning and skills

64
Q

When was the first borstal introduced?

A

1902

65
Q

What was a borstal?

A

A prison for young offenders

66
Q

What percentage of young offenders went on to reoffend?

A

60%

67
Q

What year were borstal abolished?

A

1982

68
Q

What was introduced in 1932 for under 15s?

A

Approved schools

69
Q

Why did approved schools fail in 1959?

A

Due to absconding

70
Q

When were Attendance Centres introduced and what age group was it for?

A

1948 for 10-21 years old

71
Q

What do Attendance Centres now deal with?

A

18-24 year olds

72
Q

What is the first action taken for a young offender?

A

They work with police and social workers

73
Q

What is the last chance for a young offender before custody?

A

Attendance Centres

74
Q

In what 3 places does custody occur?

A
  • Secure Children’s Home
  • Secure Training Centre
  • YOI
75
Q

What does YOI stand for?

A

Young Offenders’ Institution

76
Q

When was probation introduced?

A

1907

77
Q

What are the rules of probation? (2)

A
  • Report to the police once a week
  • Meet with a probation officer
78
Q

When was birching abolished?

A

In 1962

79
Q

What 2 things were introduced in 1967?

A

Parole and suspended sentences

80
Q

What is parole?

A

If you behave well, less sentence

81
Q

What are suspended sentences?

A

If you don’t re-offend, no more prison

82
Q

In 1972, what was introduced and what is it?

A

Community Service Orders, where offenders have to do between 40 and 300 hours of unpaid community work

83
Q

In 1990s what was introduced to track movement?

A

Electronic tagging

84
Q

Describe acts on homosexuality, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.

A
  • 1967 Sexual Offences Act: decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21
  • 2005 Criminal Justice Act: more severe sentences handed out for hate crimes
  • Change
  • A ‘sexual revolution’ took place in the 1960s; people had more liberal attitudes towards sex
85
Q

Describe acts on racial crimes, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.

A
  • 1968 Race Relations Act: criminalised refusing jobs, housing or public services due to ethnic background
  • 2006 Race and Religious Hatred Act: criminalised spreading racial/religious hatred
  • Change
  • In the 1950s people from Commonwealth countries moved to Britain to work, and laws were needed for them to be treated fairly
86
Q

Describe acts on domestic violence, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.

A
  • 1976 Domestic Violence Act: victims of a violent partner could ask for an injunction (forbids an action/behaviour)
  • 1991: rape within marriage recognised as a crime
  • 2014: controlling/ coercive behaviour in a relationship was seen as a crime
  • Change
  • In the 1800s violence inside a marriage was seen as a private issue
  • In the 1900s women had more rights and laws were passed to stop violence and intimidation in a marriage
  • Even after that women were still expected to satisfy their husbands’ sexual demands
  • 2 women in England and Wales are killed weekly by a current or previous partner
87
Q

Describe acts on abortion, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.

A
  • 1967 Abortion Act: legalised an abortion if: the child would have severe disabilities, or 2 independent doctors had agreed that the mother was at risk of serious mental/physical harm
  • 1968: legal limit for abortion was 28 weeks as babies born before this could not survive
  • Change
  • Initially abortion was illegal except for few, strict medical reasons
  • Women who wanted an abortion had to resort to dangerous ‘backstreet abortions’, or trying to abort the baby themselves
  • Abortion was legalised due to health concerns and changing social attitudes
88
Q

Describe acts on driving offences, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.

A
  • 1925 Criminal Justice Act: made it illegal to drive a car while drunk
  • 1967 Road Safety Act: set a maximum limit for the amount of alcohol a person could have in their bloodstream and drive
  • Stopping dangerous driving: change
  • Car theft: continuity in a new form
  • By the 1930s cars were widespread and cheap, but very dangerous- drivers didn’t even need a licence
  • 7343 people were killed on roads in 1934
  • After 1935, tests, road tax, MOT and car insurance were required
89
Q

Describe acts on smuggling and drug offences, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.

A
  • 2015 Modern Slavery Act: allowed restrictions to be placed on those convicted (or waiting to be convicted) of modern slavery offences and other measures were introduced to stop modern slavery
  • Smuggling and people trafficking: continuity
  • In the 1800s poor girls were sold into prostitution
  • Some immigrants pay to be smuggled into the country
  • 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act: criminalised taking or supplying certain drugs
  • Drug offences: change
  • Better transport has made smuggling harder to prevent (millions travel by air, sea and land)
  • The demand for illegal drugs has risen over the past 40 years
90
Q

Describe acts on terrorism, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.

A
  • 2000 Terrorism Act: first of a series of acts aimed at terrorism in general rather than that in Northern Ireland
  • Continuity in a new form
  • The Gunpowder Plot was also a plan to use violence, fear and intimidation to publicise a political cause
  • In the 1970s and 80s the IRA used violence to campaign for Irish Nationalism
  • Lately Al-Qaeda and Isis use terror in Europe
  • Terrorists also use the internet to spread their message

Crime And Punishment c1000-1500 (8 decks)

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