1900s - Present Day Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What were 3 main issues in prisons?
A
- Overcrowding
- Understaffing
- Low budgets
2
Q
What 3 things changed after 1922 in prisons?
A
- More visits were allowed
- Convict crop hairstyle was banned
- Solitary confinement introduced
3
Q
When was the first open prison built and why?
A
1933 so that prisoners could go to work
4
Q
Why had the fear of crime declined?
A
People understood that you can’t inherit criminal habits and people weren’t just born criminals
5
Q
When was the death penalty for arson in the Royal Dockyard abolished?
A
1971
6
Q
What Act was passed in 1973 and what was this?
A
NI Act, abolishing the death penalty
7
Q
What year was the death penalty for espionage abolished and what was the name of the Act?
A
Armed Forces Act in 1981
8
Q
What significant act banned the death penalty entirely in 1998?
A
Human Rights Act
9
Q
What did the UK sign in 2004 abolishing the death penalty under all circumstances?
A
13th Protocol to the European Convention
10
Q
What did the UN issue in 1947 stating ‘everyone has a right to life’?
A
Declaration of Human Rights
11
Q
How many executions were declared a year for murder in 1840?
A
15
12
Q
In 1957, executions were abolished for everyone however there were 3 exceptions. What were they?
A
- If the murder victim was a police officer
- If more than 1 person was murdered
- If the murder occurred through theft
13
Q
Give 4 reasons people thought the death penalty should be abolished.
A
- Other European countries had abolished it
- It was against the teachings of Christianity
- Mistakes were sometimes made, with the wrong person executed
- It seemed barbaric after the horrors of World War II
14
Q
Why did some want to retain capital punishment? (4)
A
- It was a good deterrent
- Life imprisonment was more expensive
- Execution would avenge the victim
- Murderers may kill again
15
Q
What was Evans hanged for, when he thought he was the reason for their failed abortion?
A
His wife’s death
16
Q
In what year was Evans posthumously pardoned?
A
1966
17
Q
Who was the last woman to be hanged in 1956 for murdering who?
A
Ruth Ellis for murdering her abusive husband
18
Q
What is the largest category of crime?
A
Car theft
19
Q
In 1935, who did not need a licence?
A
Motorists
20
Q
Why is smuggling harder to prevent?
A
Transport is better
21
Q
In what years do the IRA carry out bomb attacks?
A
1970s - 1990
22
Q
What happened in July 2005 and how many people were killed in the process?
A
Muslims carried out suicide bombings killing 56
23
Q
In late 1990s, which offences increased and why?
A
Violent and sexual offences because people were more willing to report them
24
Q
In what year was a new law covering hate crimes formed?
A
2006
25
For what other reasons did crime in general increase? (3)
- Police are more sympathetic
- Police are better trained
- Crime was recorded more consistently than before
26
How many men refused to fight in the war?
16,000
27
Why did people refuse to fight? (2)
- Religion
- It was a war between rulers that did not concern them
28
How did people act towards conchies?
They were hostile towards them and called them cowards
29
Where did conchies have to apply for an exemption certificate?
The Local Tribunal
30
What were alternativists prepared to do? Give an example.
Other war work like providing medical help on the frontline
31
What were absolutists prepared to do?
Nothing to do with the war.
32
What were absolutists convicted of and why was this punishment granted to them?
Death sentence only to deter others
33
How many conchies died in prison?
73
34
In WWII what did conchies lose the right to?
They could not vote anymore
35
Since what year do all officers have to complete basic training at the National Police College?
1947
36
What were dog handling units used for? (2)
- To sniff out drugs
- To strengthen police presence
37
Which unit fought crimes that attempted to obtain financial advantages?
Economic Crime Unit
38
What did the National Crime Agency do?
Tried to cut organised crime
39
Which unit combatted e-crime?
Police Central e-crime
40
Who does the Special Branch work with?
MI5
41
By 1970s what was there no more of?
No more foot patrol
42
Since what year was there now fingerprint and chemical analysis?
1901
43
Since 1930s what do all officers now carry?
2 way radios
44
What is the ANPR?
Automatic Number Plate Recognition
45
What PNC holds records and fingerprints since 1974?
Police National Computer
46
When did Neighbourhood Watch begin?
1982
47
When were the first female officers introduced?
1920
48
In what year were 7% of officers female?
1977
49
In what year are the percentage of female officers 28%?
2015
50
In 1900, how many local police forces and officers were there?
200 local police forces and 42,000 officers
51
In 1900, how many miles was the daily beat and what was the only training?
20 miles. Military drills was the only training.
52
In 1900, what was the equipment? (3)
Pistols, whistle and truncheon
53
What is the equipment now? (4)
- Baton
- Pepper spray
- CS gas
- Tasers
54
How was Derek Bentley handicapped?
He had severe learning difficulties and was easily led.
55
How old was Bentley and how old was Craig when they were caught?
19 and 16
56
In what month and year were they caught?
Nov 1952
57
Who asked Craig to hand the gun?
Detective Sergeant Fairfax
58
What did Bentley say meaning that Craig shot Fairfax in the ....... ?
"Let him have it!". Craig shot him in the shoulder
59
Why was Bentley executed, when Craig wasn't?
He was old enough whereas Craig was a minor
60
Why was there sympathy towards Bentley? (2)
- He was not very intelligent
- His wording brought controversy
61
When was Bentley pardoned?
1998
62
After 1940s what 3 things increased?
- Average length of sentences
- Chance of sentencing
- Number of people awaiting trial (on remand)
63
What did Ofsted judge over half the prisons as in 2014?
Inadequate for learning and skills
64
When was the first borstal introduced?
1902
65
What was a borstal?
A prison for young offenders
66
What percentage of young offenders went on to reoffend?
60%
67
What year were borstal abolished?
1982
68
What was introduced in 1932 for under 15s?
Approved schools
69
Why did approved schools fail in 1959?
Due to absconding
70
When were Attendance Centres introduced and what age group was it for?
1948 for 10-21 years old
71
What do Attendance Centres now deal with?
18-24 year olds
72
What is the first action taken for a young offender?
They work with police and social workers
73
What is the last chance for a young offender before custody?
Attendance Centres
74
In what 3 places does custody occur?
- Secure Children's Home
- Secure Training Centre
- YOI
75
What does YOI stand for?
Young Offenders' Institution
76
When was probation introduced?
1907
77
What are the rules of probation? (2)
- Report to the police once a week
- Meet with a probation officer
78
When was birching abolished?
In 1962
79
What 2 things were introduced in 1967?
Parole and suspended sentences
80
What is parole?
If you behave well, less sentence
81
What are suspended sentences?
If you don't re-offend, no more prison
82
In 1972, what was introduced and what is it?
Community Service Orders, where offenders have to do between 40 and 300 hours of unpaid community work
83
In 1990s what was introduced to track movement?
Electronic tagging
84
Describe acts on homosexuality, whether they're a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1967 Sexual Offences Act: decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21
- 2005 Criminal Justice Act: more severe sentences handed out for hate crimes
- Change
- A 'sexual revolution' took place in the 1960s; people had more liberal attitudes towards sex
85
Describe acts on racial crimes, whether they're a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1968 Race Relations Act: criminalised refusing jobs, housing or public services due to ethnic background
- 2006 Race and Religious Hatred Act: criminalised spreading racial/religious hatred
- Change
- In the 1950s people from Commonwealth countries moved to Britain to work, and laws were needed for them to be treated fairly
86
Describe acts on domestic violence, whether they're a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1976 Domestic Violence Act: victims of a violent partner could ask for an injunction (forbids an action/behaviour)
- 1991: rape within marriage recognised as a crime
- 2014: controlling/ coercive behaviour in a relationship was seen as a crime
- Change
- In the 1800s violence inside a marriage was seen as a private issue
- In the 1900s women had more rights and laws were passed to stop violence and intimidation in a marriage
- Even after that women were still expected to satisfy their husbands' sexual demands
- 2 women in England and Wales are killed weekly by a current or previous partner
87
Describe acts on abortion, whether they're a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1967 Abortion Act: legalised an abortion if: the child would have severe disabilities, or 2 independent doctors had agreed that the mother was at risk of serious mental/physical harm
- 1968: legal limit for abortion was 28 weeks as babies born before this could not survive
- Change
- Initially abortion was illegal except for few, strict medical reasons
- Women who wanted an abortion had to resort to dangerous 'backstreet abortions', or trying to abort the baby themselves
- Abortion was legalised due to health concerns and changing social attitudes
88
Describe acts on driving offences, whether they're a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1925 Criminal Justice Act: made it illegal to drive a car while drunk
- 1967 Road Safety Act: set a maximum limit for the amount of alcohol a person could have in their bloodstream and drive
- Stopping dangerous driving: change
- Car theft: continuity in a new form
- By the 1930s cars were widespread and cheap, but very dangerous- drivers didn't even need a licence
- 7343 people were killed on roads in 1934
- After 1935, tests, road tax, MOT and car insurance were required
89
Describe acts on smuggling and drug offences, whether they're a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 2015 Modern Slavery Act: allowed restrictions to be placed on those convicted (or waiting to be convicted) of modern slavery offences and other measures were introduced to stop modern slavery
- Smuggling and people trafficking: continuity
- In the 1800s poor girls were sold into prostitution
- Some immigrants pay to be smuggled into the country
- 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act: criminalised taking or supplying certain drugs
- Drug offences: change
- Better transport has made smuggling harder to prevent (millions travel by air, sea and land)
- The demand for illegal drugs has risen over the past 40 years
90
Describe acts on terrorism, whether they're a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 2000 Terrorism Act: first of a series of acts aimed at terrorism in general rather than that in Northern Ireland
- Continuity in a new form
- The Gunpowder Plot was also a plan to use violence, fear and intimidation to publicise a political cause
- In the 1970s and 80s the IRA used violence to campaign for Irish Nationalism
- Lately Al-Qaeda and Isis use terror in Europe
- Terrorists also use the internet to spread their message
