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Bio Evolution > The Real Second Quiz > Flashcards

The Real Second Quiz Flashcards

0
Q

Chemical structure levels?

A

Primary-simplest form
Secondary-next level of complexity
Tertiary-3D form;folded , most complex

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1
Q

Central dogma

A

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to PROTIEN (transcribed then translated)

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2
Q

DNA structure

A

Primary-chain of deoxyribonucleotides (atgc)
Secondary-double helix
Tertiary-chromosome, double helix wrap around and are anchored by histones

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3
Q

RNA structure

A

Primary-single strand sequence of ribonucleotides(AUGC)

Secondary- hair pin or stem and loop form because it binds to its self

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4
Q

Tertiary structure RNA?mRNA?rrna?

A

Messenger RNA mRNA the transcript of DNA, has hair pin structure
Ribosomal RNA rRNA ->translation, globular

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5
Q

RNA tertiary structure (tRNA)

A

Transfer RNA-tRNA-> translation, L-shaped structure

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6
Q

Protien structure?

A

Primary-sequence of amino acids
Secondary-alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
Tertiary-3-D folding, the structure determines function. The structure can be butterfly, doughnut or globular

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7
Q

Human genome project-

A

discovered that human DNA is about 3 billion base pairs long which is aprox 20000 to25000

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8
Q

What information does DNAs primary structure have?

A

Building a polypeptide or protein plus DNA store regulatory sequences for it transcription

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9
Q

What is the strand of DNA called that holds info?

A

Template strand, the other only stabilizes

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10
Q

What are two copies of genes called?

A

Alleles

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11
Q

Every time a cell replicates/synthesizes t

A

he DNA must also be replicated

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12
Q

DNA forms a template for its own?

A

Synthesis

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13
Q

Messenger RNA

A

Eukaryotes transcribe and translate mRNA in different locations of the cell

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14
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Acts as a go between to connect the codon on the mRNA with the proper amino acid

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15
Q

Chromosome (colored bodies) =

A

Gene carrying structure consisting of a molecule of DNA and associated histone protiens

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16
Q

What is the chromosomes attached to?

A

Section called centromere

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17
Q

Present in nucleus of eukaryotic cell?

A

Chromosomes are normally dispersed within the nucleus

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18
Q

When can chromosomes be seen?

A

When cell is getting ready to split

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19
Q

Prokaryotes =

A

One chromosome , circular genome and sometimes a circle of extra DNA called a plasmid

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20
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Multiple chromosomes , linear genome in pieces

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21
Q

How many pairs do humans have of each of the “somes”?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes= 46 total
22 paid of autosomes=44 total
1 pair of sex chromosomes (2total)

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22
Q

What is mtDNA

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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23
Q

All pairs are exact copies of each other but

A

The genes in each are different

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24
Q

Translation?

A

Coding sequence of mRNA is read in a 3-base units called codons which code for amino acids

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25
Q

Certain codons can

A

Start and stop translation

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26
Q

Ribosome

A

Globular protein +rRNA that moves along mRNA and aligns correct tRNA with each codon and serves as site of growing end of new protein

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27
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent change in organisms DNA; a change in the genotype

28
Q

When are mistakes made?

A

DNA sythesis

29
Q

What correct most mistakes

A

Repair mechanisms

30
Q

If mistake->changes in primary sequence =changes in gene->

A

Changes in protein made from that gene

31
Q

Mutation get passed on during

A

Cell division

32
Q

What happens if a mutation changes a codon enough?

A

A new amino acid will be introduced

33
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in nucleotides does not change amino acid specified by the codon. Changes in genotype does not change protein

34
Q

Missense/ replacement-

A

Change in nucleotide changes the amino acid. Changes genotype changes protein

35
Q

Frame shift

A

Addition or deletion of nucleotide, shifts the reading frame of the mRNA. Change in genotype, massive change in protein

36
Q

What are the functions of cell division?

A

Growth and development, tissue renewal, and a-sexual reproduction

37
Q

what is the first stage of cell cycle?

A

Gap1 (G1) doubling of cell contents, checking for errors

38
Q

what is the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

synthesis (S) doubling of chromosomes

39
Q

what is the third stage of cell cycle?

A

Gap 2 (G2); doubling cell contents, checking for error

40
Q

what is the forth stage of the cell cycle?

A

M= nuclear division; steps leading to creation of two nuclei (mitosis or meiosis)

41
Q

what is the fifth stage of the cell cycle?

A

G0= stage for cells that cease to divide

42
Q

most of the events of the cell cycle occur without

A

being visible

43
Q

G1 +S+ G2=?

A

Interphase

44
Q

is interphase visible?

A

no

45
Q

is mitosis (M) visible?

A

yes

46
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

cell division and is follows the cell cycle

47
Q

length of cell cycle varies among?

A

cell types

48
Q

what stages of cell cycle remain constant?

A

S and M

49
Q

what are some details of intestinal cells cycle?

A

rapidly divide, 12 hour cycle and G1 is essentially eliminated.

50
Q

what are some details about mature cells and muscle cells?

A

do not divide and are permanently in G1 called G0

51
Q

what can change the length of a cell cycle?

A

conditions for example liver cells cycle can normally be up to 12 months but if there is significant damage then the cycle is 24-48 hours also yeasts and bacs. only divide in nutrient-rich environment.

52
Q

how is the cell cycle regulated?

A

by preventing uncontrolled cell division

53
Q

where are regulatory molecules?

A

cytoplasm

54
Q

where are cell cycle check points?

A

late G1, late G2 and Metaphase

55
Q

what is checked in late G1?

A

cell size is adequate and DNA is undamaged this ensures the cell is healthy and ready to replicate its DNA

56
Q

what is checked during late G2?

A

chromosomes replicated, DNA undamaged and that activated MPF is present

57
Q

what is checked during metaphase?

A

that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers(ensures all daughter cells have correct amount of DNA)

58
Q

what happens if late G1, Late G2 checkpoints fail?

A

uncontrolled cell division which leads to cancer

59
Q

what happens if the metaphase check point fails?

A

abnormal number of chromosomes which leads to disease

60
Q

What is MPF?

A

Cytoplasmic regulator that consists of 2 proteins together (dimer) a protein called cyclin and an enzyme of the protein kinase family called “cyclin-dependent kinase” Cdk

61
Q

What is a kinase?

A

An enzyme that phosphorylates a protein in order activate/inactivate

62
Q

When Cdk binds to cyclin and is phosphorylated at 2 sites

A

Then is inactive

63
Q

Late in G2 other enzymes remove 1 phosphate

A

Then Cdk is active

64
Q

When active what does Cdk phosphorylate?

A

Chromosomal protiens, nuclear envelope protiens(to break down envelope), micro tubule protiens (to build mitotic spindle) and enzyme to degrade itself

65
Q

What does the regulator protein P53 do?

A

Stopping cell cycle and allowing apoptosis to to occur p53 is the tumor suppressor

66
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death (G0)

67
Q

What happens if cell is damaged?

A

It’s either repaired or cell is put under apoptosis by p53

Bio Evolution (6 decks)

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