2) Atoms And Minerals

Question 0

Describe proton

Answer 0

Positive charge and their number in the nucleus defines an element

Question 1

What is an atom?

Answer 1

Basic unit of matter that consists of a central nucleus surrounded by cloud of electrons

• nucleus
• protons
• neutrons
• electron orbital shells

Question 2

Describe neutron

Answer 2

Electrically neutral but a large number of them can make a nucleus unstable so it decays radioactively

Question 3

Describe electron

Answer 3

Have a negative charge, can be shared with neighboring atoms to produce bonds

Question 4

What differentiates one element from another

Answer 4

Number of protons in nucleus of elements

Question 5

Why do different elements bond to each other

Answer 5

Atom favors an even amount of electrons

Question 6

Cation

Answer 6

Na gives away an electron to become positively charged

Question 7

Anion

Answer 7

Cl gains an electron to become negatively charged

Question 8

What is an ion

Answer 8

a charged atom

Question 9

What is valence

Answer 9

Charge that an atom has when bonded

Question 10

anionic groups

Answer 10

Sometimes in nature, different elements tend to be strongly bonded together to form Anionic groups

Question 11

Ionic bond

Answer 11

Electron almost completely moves from an atom to its neighboring atom

Question 12

Covalent bond

Answer 12

Electrons are shared by 2 atoms

Question 13

Metallic bond

Answer 13

Electron hops from one atom to the next

Question 14

Mineral

Answer 14

Naturally occurring inorganic solid with regular internal crystal structure, formed by inorganic or organic processes

Question 15

Polymorph

Answer 15

Different minerals with different structure that have the same chemical composition

Question 16

Native elements

Answer 16

Ex: diamond C, graphite C, copper Cu, gold Au, silver Ag
Uses: jewelry, electronic conductors, insulators, abrasives

Question 17

Halides, anions are halogens including F-,Cl-

Answer 17

Ex: halite NaCl, sylvite KCl, fluorite CaF2
Uses: salts, electronics, chemical industry, precipitate in salty water

Question 18

Oxides, anion is oxygen

Answer 18

Ex: hematite, magnetite, rutile
Uses: metallurgy, electronics, pigments, ceramics

Question 19

Hydroxides Anionic group is hydroxyl OH-

Answer 19

Ex: goethite, gibbsite
Clays are hydroxides
Uses: gibbsite is major source of aluminum, ceramics

Question 20

Sulfides, anion is sulfur (S2-)

Answer 20

Ex: pyrite, galena, chalcocite
Uses: commonly make ores of important metals like copper, lead, zinc

Question 21

Sulfates, Anionic group is sulfate (SO4^2-)

Answer 21

Ex: gypsum, barite
Include mostly alkali earth elements bonded with sulfate
Usually form evaporate by evaporation of salty water

Question 22

Carbonates, Anionic group is carbonate (CO3^2-)

Answer 22

Ex: calcite, dolomite
Precipitate in warm ocean water, important in carbon cycle, most caves occur in carbonates
Uses: building industry and chemical industry

Question 23

Phosphates Anionic group is phosphate (PO4^3-)

Answer 23

Ex: apatite
Bones are biogenetic phosphates
Uses: fertilizers

Question 24

Silicates, Anionic group is silicate (SiO4^4-)

Answer 24

Ex: Quartz, feldspar
Uses: glass, ceramics, electronics, abrasives, food

Question 25

Silica tetrahedron

Answer 25

Basic building block of all silicates

-can be stacked in several different arraignments w/ other cations in between