Chapter 6 Classification of Tissues

Question 0

Epithelial cell description

Answer 0

• the membranes always have one free surface, called the apical surface and typically that surface is significantly different from the basal surface
• cells are attached to and supported by an adhesive basement membrane

Question 1

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 1

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

Question 2

basement membrane

Answer 2

an amorphous material secreted partly by the epithelial cells (basal lamina) and connective tissue cells (reticular lamina) that lie next to each other.

Question 3

Simple epithelia

Answer 3

consists of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane

Question 4

stratified epithelia

Answer 4

consisting of two or more layers of cells

Question 5

squamous

Answer 5

less tall than wide

Question 6

cuboidal

Answer 6

cube-like, equal height/width

Question 7

columnar

Answer 7

more tall than wide, column-like

Question 8

pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 8

actually a simple columnar epithelium but because its cells vary in height and the nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, it gives the false appearance of being stratified. Often ciliated.

Question 9

transitional epithelium

Answer 9

Apical side are bubbly. found only in urinary system organs subjected to periodic distension, such as the bladder.

Question 10

Endocrine glands

Answer 10

lose their surface connection (duct) as they develop; thus they are referred to as ductless glands. They secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid, and from there the hormones enter the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands.

Question 11

Exocrine glands

Answer 11

retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through these ducts either to the body surface or into body cavities. the exocrine glands include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas.

Question 12

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 12

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.

Question 13

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 13

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Question 14

Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 14

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain muscus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

Question 15

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 15

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia

Question 16

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 16

thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cvells of the more superficial layers

Question 17

Transitional epithelium

Answer 17

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.

Question 18

Connective tissue

Answer 18

found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs. It is the most abundant and wildly distributed of the tissue types. forms a variety of functios, but they primarily protect, support, and bind together other tissues of the body.

Question 19

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

Answer 19

a soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs; gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.

Question 20

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

Answer 20

provides insulation for the body tissues and a source of stored food; matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

Question 21

extracellular matrix

Answer 21

produced by the cells and then extruded. The matrix is primarily responsible for the strength associated with connective tissue, but there is variation. the matrix has two components: ground substance and fibers

Question 22

ground substance

Answer 22

composed chiefly of interstital fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteogylcans. the ground substance may be liquid, semisolid, gel-like, or very hard.

Question 23

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular

Answer 23

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

Question 24

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular

Answer 24

primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

Question 25

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular

Answer 25

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.

Question 26

Cartilage: hyaline

Answer 26

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.

Question 27

Bones (osseous tissue)

Answer 27

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. very well vascularized.

Question 28

blood

Answer 28

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Question 29

Nervous tissue

Answer 29

neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucelus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexcitable supporting cells.

Question 30

Skeletal muscle

Answer 30

lng, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations

Question 31

cardiac muscle

Answer 31

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs.

Question 32

smooth muscle

Answer 32

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.