19.5 WBCs

Question 1

WBCs AKA

Answer 1

leukocytes

Question 2

two groups of leukocytes:

Answer 2

1. granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

2. agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)

Question 3

4 characteristics of WBCs

Answer 3

1. can migrate out of bloodstream
2. capable of amoeboid movement
3. attracted to specific chemical stimuli
4. neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are capable of phagocytosis

Question 4

margination

Answer 4

adhering to vessel wall

Question 5

emigration/diapedesis

Answer 5

squeezing between epithelial cells into surrounding tissue

Question 6

positive chemotaxis

Answer 6

attraction to specific chemical stimuli

-guides WBCs to pathogens, damaged tissue, and other active WBCs

Question 7

microphages

Answer 7

neutrophils & eosinophils

Question 8

macrophages

Answer 8

monocytes that have moved out of bloodstream and become actively phagocytic

Question 9

nonspecific defenses

Answer 9

granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).. respond to variety of stimuli

Question 10

specific defenses

Answer 10

lymphocytes.. attacks against specific types of invading pathogens or foreign proteins

Question 11

neutrophils

-% of WBCs, AKA, appearance, characteristics, lifespan

Answer 11

70% of WBCs, AKA polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

• dense, segmented nuc w/ 2-5 lobes; pale granular cytoplasm
• mobile, first to injury site, attack & digest “marked” bacteria
• life span: 10 hours, dies after engulfing 1-2 dozen bacteria

Question 12

neutrophil activity

Answer 12

• engulfs bacteria, experiences “respiratory burst,” produces H2O2 and superoxide ions that kill bacteria
• lysosomes: defensins kill, digestive enzymes break down
• release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 13

leukotrienes

Answer 13

attract more phagocytes

Question 14

prostaglandins

Answer 14

increase permeability, contributing to inflammation, restricting spread of injury

Question 15

eosinophils

-% of WBCs, AKA, appearance, characteristics

Answer 15

2-4% of WBCs, AKA acidophils

• granules stain deep red, bilobed nuclei
• attack objects coated in antibodies, primarily toxic compounds.. effective against parasites!!
• sensitive to allergens, reduce inflammation

Question 16

basophils

-% of WBCs, appearance, characteristics

Answer 16

• 1% of WBCs
• granules stain dark, smaller than neutrophils & eosinophils
• discharge granules (contain histamine & heparin) at injury sites, enhance inflammation initiated by mast cells
• release chems to attract eosinophils & basophils

Question 17

heparin

Answer 17

prevents blood clotting

Question 18

histamine

Answer 18

dilates blood vessels

Question 19

monocyte

-% of WBCs, appearance, characteristics

Answer 19

• 2-8% WBCs
• large! nearly 2x diameter of RBC. large kidney-shaped nucleus
• becomes macrophage when it enters tissues. while active, release chems that attract neutrophils, monocytes, & other phagocytes. draw fibroblasts to area.

Question 20

lymphocytes

-% of WBCs, appearance, characteristics, classes

Answer 20

• 20-30% WBCs
• slightly larger than RBC, large round nuc w/ halo of cytoplasm
• most are in connective tissues & lymphatic organs.. 3 classes: T cells, B cells, NK cells

Question 21

T cells

Answer 21

cell-mediated immunity (defense mechanism against invading foreign cells)

Question 22

B cells

Answer 22

humoral immunity (defense mechanism involving production of antibodies)
-differentiate into Plasma cells when activated

Question 23

plasma cells

Answer 23

synthesize & secrete antibodies

Question 24

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Answer 24

immune surveillance (detection & destruction of abnormal cells)
-sometimes known as "large granular lymphocytes" ..important in preventing cancer

Question 25

differential count

Answer 25

number of each type of cell in a sample of 100 WBCs

Question 26

leukopenia

Answer 26

inadequate numbers of WBCs | -penia = "poverty"

Question 27

leukocytosis

Answer 27

excessive number of WBCs | -osis = too many

Question 28

leukemia

Answer 28

indicated by extreme leukocytosis

Question 29

progenitor cells

Answer 29

give rise to all formed elements except lymphocytes

Question 30

Which WBCs complete development in the red bone marrow?

Answer 30

granulocytes! | blast cells --> myelocytes --> band cells --> mature WBCs

Question 31

which WBC enters bloodstream before completing development?

Answer 31

monocytes (complete development when they become macrophages in peripheral tissues

Question 32

lymphocyte development

Answer 32

derived from lymphoid stem cells - in red blood marrow (or peripheral lymphatic tissue in spleen or lymph nodes), differentiate into B or NK cells - migrating to thymus, differentiate into T cells

Question 33

lymphopoiesis

Answer 33

process of lymphocyte production

Question 34

production of B and T cells in adults is regulated primarily by

Answer 34

exposure to antigens

Question 35

colony-stimulating factors

Answer 35

M-CSF: monocyte production G-CSF: granulocyte production GM-CSF: granulocyte & monocyte production Multi-CSF: accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs