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Learning > Chapter 3 Experimental Situations and 4 what determines the nature of the conditioned response > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Experimental Situations and 4 what determines the nature of the conditioned response Flashcards

0
Q

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

A

The effectiveness of the stimulus in eliciting a reaction depends upon the condition of the pairing several times over with the unconditioned stimulus. There is no initial reaction to the stimulus at the start of the experiment, instead it develops over time.
Ex. The light or tone

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1
Q

Object Learning

A

The association of one feature of an object with another

Ex. Dogs associate people who bring food with food and therefore salivate

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2
Q

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

A

The effect of this stimulus is not dependent on trials over time
Ex. Food for saliva

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3
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

The response received eventually by the conditioned stimulus.
Ex. The salivation to the light or tone

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4
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

A response that happens naturally and doesn’t need to be learned
Ex. Salivating at food

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5
Q

Conditioned Supression

A

Suppression of ongoing behavior, immobility
Ex. For rats studied there are two types
- licking suppressant
- conditioned fear response

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6
Q

Luck Suppression Prodecure

A

Measure of licks made is effected by CS of a tone or light to make the rats lick less frequently
The latency to complete a number of licks is a measure of conditioned fear

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7
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response

A

Measurement of conditioned fear
Rats trained to press lever for reward of food
After baseline gained fear conditioning introduced and they press the lever less frequently

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8
Q

Suppression Ratio

A

The ratio created to find out the conditioned emotional response

CS responding/ (CS responding + preCS responding )

  • the ratio has a value of zero if the rats suppress lever pressing completely during CS
  • if there is no change in response the ratio is .5
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9
Q

What does it mean to have a smaller suppression ratio?

A

There will be less motion in the animal because the CS get a larger conditioned fear response

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10
Q

What is used as a base line for human condition suppression experiments

A

Video games

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11
Q

Eye Blink Conditioning

A

Testing CS response using puffs of air to eyes
Good for tests on humans
Helps with research for autism, OCD, Alzheimer’s

Study of infants with CS = tone US= puff
Control group had CS and US spaced 4 to 8 seconds apart
Other group was 12 seconds apart
Paired group responded higher to CS at the begining of second session

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12
Q

Eye Blink Conditioning on baby’s showed what?

A

Classical conditioning requires a CS and US pairing

Learning is not observable at first

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13
Q

Engram

A

Biological memory of something learned in the brain that is stored for later use
Located in the hippocampus as it is used for CS-US associations
But also in the brain stem an cerebellum

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14
Q

Sign Tracking

Autoshaping

A

Presenting a discrete localized visual stimulus just before the delivery of food
Ex. Pigeons with food and light

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15
Q

What strange thing occurred when the light shown to signal the food for the birds

A

The birds would peck at it
Even though it wasn’t necessary
The reaction increases with the distance of the food
Make Quail approached light instead of female to mate

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16
Q

Conditioning Trial

A

A configuration of a CS and US trial put together that can come in different orders

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17
Q

Intertribal Interval

A

The time from the end of one trial to the start of another

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18
Q

Inter stimulus Interval

A

The time from the start of the CS to the start of the US with in a conditioning trial
This is also called CS-US interval
For larger responding it is better to have a shorter interval than inter trial interval

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19
Q

Short Delay Conditioning

A

Most frequently used
Delay the start of the us until slightly after (less than 1 min) the CS on each trial
The CS may continue through the US or end when it begins

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20
Q

Trace Conditioning

A

CS presented first followed by US but there is a short delay in between the two
This gap is the trace interval

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21
Q

Trace interval

A

The gap between the CS and the US in the trace conditioning trials

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22
Q

Long Delayed Conditioning

A

CS starts before US but US is delayed much longer (5-10 min)
There is also no trace interval as the CS lasts until the US begins

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23
Q

Simaltanious Conditioning

A

CS and US presented at same time

24
Q

Backward Conditioning

A

US occurs shortly before CS

25
Q

Test trial

A

Presenting the CS by itself

26
Q

Magnitude

A

How much a behavior occurs
This is a way of measuring behavior during a CS
Ex. Amount of saliva from dogs

27
Q

Probability of response

A

Measure of how often the CS elicits a CR

Ex. Ex blink response

28
Q

Latency

A

How soon the CR occurs after the CS

The amount of time between CS and CR

29
Q

Pseudo Conditioning

A

Exposure to the US produces increased responding to a previously ineffective stimulus
The use of controls helps to tell this from US-CS pairings

30
Q

Random Control Procedure

A

Presenting the US periodically during both the CS and intertrial interval
Make sure the probability is the same for both
The CS does not here signal a change in probability that the US will occur
Not the most useful control because having the probability the same doesn’t stop conditioned responding

31
Q

Explicitly Unpaired Control

A

Presenting the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli on separate trials
The CS and US are presented far enough apart to prevent their association

32
Q

When is conditioning most effective

A

The CS is a good signal of the delivery of the US
The signal value is best in the Short delay procedure
As the CS-US interval increases the reaction decreases
The simultaneous and trace procedures also don’t have good Predictors in the CS

33
Q

Temporal Coding Hypothesis

A

Classical conditioning that involves not only learning what to expect but when to expect it
Ex) rats stick heads outfit food at 30 or 90 second intervals after beep

34
Q

Inhibitory Conditioning

A

Learn to predict the absence of the US

Ex. Out of gas at gas station vs lumber yard

35
Q

An example of CS+ and CS- scenario

A

Red Traffic light = CS+
Traffic Guard = CS-
The CS- inhibits the effects of the CS plus and acts as a safety signal

36
Q

Negative CS-US Contingency

A

A form of conditioned inhibition
No excitatory CS+ only a CS- negatively linked to US
Needs a CS- with a negative correlation
US occurs in the absence of CS usually and timing of US cannot be predicted
Ex. Students bullied when teacher leaves

37
Q

How do you measure conditioned inhibition?

A

Bi-directional response systems
Systems like pulse heart rate temperature all increase and decrease from a baseline
Some behavior responses are also like approach or withdraw

38
Q

Compound Stimulus or Summation Test

A

One of best predictors of conditioned inhibition
Based on the idea that it counter acts conditioned excitation
Ex. Light gave shock when lick
But light with tone didn’t
The light was able to transfer fear even when a different tone was involved that they had never correlated before

39
Q

Retardation of acquisition test

A

If a stimulus actively inhibits a response then it should be difficult to condition that stimulus to get a behavior
The rate of excitatory conditioning should be retarded if the CS is a condition inhibitor

40
Q

Latent-Inhibition Effect or CS preexposure effect

A

Having a familiar stimulus makes it hard to associate with a US as a novel stimulus
Disrupts the learning process
Involve two phases
1) subjects given repeated presentation of the CS by itself (preexposure phase)
2) the CS is paired with a US with classical conditioning procedures
This results in subjects slower to respond

41
Q

How is latent inhibition similar to habituation

A

Both limit processing and attention to stimuli that are presented
Habituation serves to bias gained behavior in favor of novel stimuli and latent inhibition serves to bias learning in favor of novel stimuli

42
Q

US preexposure effect

A

Subjects shown US on its own for a couple trials then paired with CS the results show a slower learning rate then those with out previous US exposure

43
Q

Stimulus Salience

A

The significance or intensity of a stimulus effects the conditioned response
Learning is assumed to occur more rapidly with a more salient stimuli

44
Q

Higher order Conditioning

A

Classical conditioning with out a US
An old CS becomes so conditioned it becomes a stand in US
Irrational fears
2 phases 1) a cue (CS1) is paired with a US that conditions a strong response 2) pairing the CS1 with CS2 conditions response now
Higher order because levels
Ex. Woman afraid of movies because of crowds
(CS1 w/ US is first order conditioning and CS2 with CS1 is second order

45
Q

Sensory Preconditioning

A

An associated pair can create an aversion to the second item when a CS is paired with the first
2 stage processes
1) cinnamon (CS1) and vanilla (CS2 ) become associated with one another ( no US)
2) the CS1 is now paired with a US such as illness and a CR develops not just for the CS1 but for CS 2 also

CS2 was never directly paired with the US

46
Q

Stimulus substitution model

A

He association of the CS with the US turns the conditioned stimulus into a surrogate US
And activates neural circuits Only activated by the US before

47
Q

What evidence is there for Stimulus Substitution model?

A

The fact that salivation occurs with food CS and not blink test
Pigeons open mouth wider for rice and not for water

48
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining the stability of critical physiological functions
A compensatory reaction is needed to neutralize the disturbance
By anticipating changes subjects use conditioned responses to environment

49
Q

Conditioned Compensatory Responses

A

The impact of a drug will be reduced when around cues already associated with the drug

50
Q

US Devaluation

A

Method to tell the difference between SR responding and SS
Establish association between CS and US, experimental group then try to make US less important from this the experimental group shows less CR

51
Q

Blocking Effect

A

By knowing the CS1 is paired with the US there is less of a chance for CS2 to be paired with US when CS1 as CS2 are presented together

52
Q

Rescorla Wagner Model

A

Effectiveness of a US is determined by how surprising it is

53
Q

What level of surprise would be involved in strong conditioned responses?

A

Very little surprised and little learning since it is already learned

54
Q

What is the formula for Rescorla Wagner Model

A
55
Q

What problems exist with Rescorla Wagner Model

A

The prediction of the conditioned inhibition doesn’t match reality
Rw model says would reach zero but I reality sometimes becomes more negative

Views extinction as reverse aquaition but really seems to be new learning altogether between the CS and US (aka US doesn’t follow CS)

The same CS under different conditions can be both excitatory and inhibitory

56
Q

Augmentation or Contrablocking

A

Instead of distrusting conditioning of the added CS in phase 2 the previously conditioned stimulus or facilitated the conditioning of the added CS
The Contrablocking or augmenting effect is one of a growing list of phenomena where the presence of one stimuli facilitates responding to another when simultaneously presented CS

57
Q

Temporal Coding Hypotheis

A

Participants learn when the US occurs in relation to a CS and use this info in blocking, second order conditioning

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