Session 4 - Part II

Question 1

What are determinants of health?

Answer 1

A range of factors that have a powerful and cumulative effect on health of the population because they shape behaviours and environmental risk factors eg Age, Sex, Social networks, Socioeconomic status, Lifestyle

Question 2

What are the principles of health promotion?

Answer 2

Empowering
Participatory
Holistic
Intersectoral
Equitable
Sustainable
Multi - strategy

Question 3

What are some of the implications of health promotion?

Answer 3

Radical social change
Enabling individuals to increase control over determinants of health
Health promotion happens within and outwith the health sector

Question 4

What did the global health promotion update state?

Answer 4

It is the core responsibility of all governments
All governments should work together
Key focus of communities and civil societies

Question 5

What does Public health focus on?

Answer 5

The prevention and protection of consequences

Question 6

What does Health promotion focus on?

Answer 6

A way of achieving good health via health education and healthy public policy

Question 7

What are the 5 approaches of Health promotion?

Answer 7

Medical/preventative (Encourage early detection & treatment)
Behaviour change (Links closely to Educational)
Educational (Providing information)
Empowerment (Patient centered and driven)
Social change (Laws& policies to try and promote healthier social norms)

Question 8

What are the 3 levels of prevention?

Answer 8

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Question 9

What is Primary prevention?

Answer 9

Aims to prevent the onset of disease or injury by reducing the exposure to risk factors

Question 10

What is Secondary prevention?

Answer 10

Aims to detect and treat a disease (or its risk factors) at an early stage (prevent progression)

Question 11

What is Tertiary prevention?

Answer 11

Aims to minimise the effects of an established disease

Question 12

What are the Dilemmas associated with Health promotion?

Answer 12

Ethics of interfering in people's lives
Victim blaming
Fallacy of empowerment (Giving people information does not give them power)
Reinforcing of negative stereotypes
Unequal distribution of responsibility
Prevention paradox

Question 13

What is the Prevention paradox?

Answer 13

Interventions that make a difference at the population level might not have much effect on the individual

Question 14

How can lay beliefs effect health promotion?

Answer 14

If people don’t see themselves as a candidate

Anomalies to the health promotion cause people to disbelieve the health promotions

Question 15

What is evaluation of health promotion campaigns?

Answer 15

The rigorous and systematic collection of data to assess the effectiveness of a programme in achieving predetermined objects

Question 16

Why should we evaluate health promotion campaigns?

Answer 16

Need for evidence based interventions
Accoutability
Ethical obligation
Programme development and management

Question 17

What are the types of health promotion evaluation?

Answer 17

Process
Impact
Outcome

Question 18

What is Process evaluation?

Answer 18

Focuses on assessing the process of the programme
Aka formative/illuminative evaluation
Employs a wide range of mainly qualitative methods (Usually interviews with people who developed it)

Question 19

What is Impact evaluation?

Answer 19

Assess the immediate effects of the intervention (How have the behaviour/attitudes changed since the campaign began)
More popular choice as easier to do

Question 20

What is Outcome evaluation?

Answer 20

Measures long term consequences
Measures what is achieved
Timing of evaluation can influence the outcome (eg Delay - Some promotions may take a long time to have an effect. Decay - Some interventions wear off rapidly)

Question 21

What are the difficulties of evaluation?

Answer 21

Demonstrating an attribute effect is difficult because -

1) Design of the intervention
2) Possible lag time to effect
3) Many potential intervening or concurrent confounding factors
4) High cost of evaluation research (Studies are likely to be large scale and long term)