1960s civil rights movement Flashcards
(56 cards)
How was SNCC leadership different?
-SNCC rejected MLK top down leadership
-Focused on empowering local black communities
e.g held citizenship classes
What were Freedom Rides + date
1961- CORE and the SNCC also joined
-a small integrated group travelled the South to test SC rulings against segregation in interstate transport
Freedom rides result (2)
-White racists attacked the Freedom riders and burned their buses as Anniston and Alabama
-Attorney General Robert Kennedy began working to implement SC rulings
When was Birmingham and what happened
Birmingham (1963)
-MLK used children to protest
-Televised scenes
-Encouraged JFK to promote the Civil Rights bill
What was the March on Washington + date
1963
-Designed to publicise black economic and social inequality
-250,000 people attended and MLK “I have a dream”
Presidential actions that helped bring about the 1964 Civil Rights Act
-JFK’s death
-Johnson’s determination and legislative skills
Limitations of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
Did little to facilitate black voting
What was Selma + date(…)
1965
-Selma march to ensure right to vote
-Culminated in ‘Bloody Sunday’
-Encourages sympathetic interracial marches and the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act
BA unemployment statistics
-BA constituted 46% of America’s unemployed
What was the Nation of Islam (2)
- Black separatist religion,
- Emphasised economic self-help
What was King’s Northern strategy
-Chicago Freedom Campaign 1966
-Hoped to bring about ghetto improvements and draw media attention to discrimination in housing
Who established the Black Panthers + date
-Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966
-Black power advocates
Black Panther Ghetto improvements (2)
-Established clinics which gave health, welfare and legal advice
-Followed police cars to expose police brutality in the ghettos
What led to the decline of the Black Panthers (2)
-Successful targeting of the Black Panthers by the authorities between 1967-69
-Internal divisions
What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do (4)
- Ended de jure segregation in the South
- Prohibited discrimination in public places
- Furthered school desegregation
- Established and Equal Employment Commission
Limitation of the 1964 Act?
-Did little to facilitate black voting
-BA in North and Western ghettos considered the Act insufficiently helpful; continued to suffer poverty and discrimination
What did the 1965 Act do (..)
- Made literacy tests illegal
- Made ‘constitutional interpretation’ tests illegal
- Replaced white registrars with federally approved officials
Other legislation that helped BA? (2)
1965 Education Act
- Great Society Programmes contributed to fall in black unemployment/ black poverty
What did Education Act 1965 do?
-Speeded up school desegregation and helped black colleges
Great Society Programme statistics benefitting BA(..)
-Contributed to a 34% fall in black unemployment
-25% fall in black Americans living below the poverty line
Black housing limitation
-Congress rejected Johnson’s bill to prohibit discrimination in housing and rental sales
LBJ executive action to increase affirmative action
Executive Order 11246
-Any institution receiving federal funding had to employ more non-whites
Problems of Native Americans (3)
-Poor housing and education
-Unemployment ranging from 20-80%
-Suffered from high rates of suicide and alcoholism
How were Native Americans inspired by black activism and achievements (3)
-National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) modelled upon the NAACP
-Black power movement inspired a Red Power movement
-By 1961, younger generation of Native Americans established the National Indian Youth Council
