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CTech > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Enviromental Impacts on Buildings

A
  • 30 to 40 percent of world’s energy use and associated greenhouse gasses
  • One-third of U.S. energy use
  • Two-thirds of U.S. electricity consumption
  • 30 percent of U.S. raw materials consumption, 25 percent of its harvested wood, and 12 percent of its fresh water
  • Nearly one-half of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
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2
Q

Sustainable Building Construction

A
  • Reduce the depletion of fossil fuels
  • Minimize the use of valuable, productive land
  • Minimize materials consumption and waste
  • Protect forests and forest ecosystems
  • Protect water resources
  • Minimize air pollution
  • Maximize the healthfulness of the interior building environment
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3
Q

The Building Life Cycle

A

Sustainable building construction must address all phases of the life of a building material, that is, from cradle to grave.

  • Origin, manufacturing, and transportation
  • Construction
  • Use and maintenance
  • Demolition, and reuse or disposal
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4
Q

USGBC

A

U.S. Green Building Council

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5
Q

LEED

A

Leadership in Energy and Enviromental Design
-Existing Buildings LEED-EB
-Commercial Interiors LEED-CI
-Building core and shell construction LEED-CS
-Homes LEED-H
also Schools, Retail, Healthcare, Neighborhood Development

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6
Q

LEED-NC

A

LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations projects LEED-NC

  • Sustainable Sites
  • Water Efficiency
  • Energy & Atmosphere
  • Materials & Resources
  • Indoor Environmental Quality
  • Innovation & Design Process
  • Regional Priority Credits
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7
Q

LEED Classification

A

Platinum: 80+ points
Gold: 60-79 points
Silver: 50-59 points
Certified: 40-49 points

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8
Q

Other Green Building Assesment Programs

A
  • Green Building Initiative Green Globes
  • National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)Green Home Building Guidelines
  • NAHB and International Code Council National Green Building Standard
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9
Q

Energy Conservation Programs

A
  • American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning: Advanced Energy Design Guides
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Energy Star
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10
Q

Product Certificaton

A
  • green Seal
  • Greenguard
  • Scientific Certification Systems
  • ISO 14000
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11
Q

Green Seal

A
  • American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning: Advanced Energy Design Guides
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Energy Star
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12
Q

Greenguard

A

Tests indoor products for acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) guidelines & standards

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13
Q

Scientific Certification Systems

A

Tests biodegradability and recycled content; also certifies forests under Forest Certification Program

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14
Q

ISO 14000

A

Collection of standards & guidelines covering performance, product standards, labeling, environmental management, and life-cycle assessment

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15
Q

Life cycle Assessment

A
  • Definition of goals/scope of study
  • Inventory analysis
  • Impact assessment
  • Improvement analysis or interpretation
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16
Q

Criteria for Evaluating Building Materials

A
  • Embodied Energy
  • Renewable Materials
  • Recycled Content
  • Energy Efficiency
  • Use of Local Materials
  • Durability
  • Low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content
  • Low Toxicity
  • Moisture Resistance
  • Water Conservation
  • Maintainability
  • Potential for Recycling
  • Potential for Reuse
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17
Q

Philosophy on Salvaged Material

A
  • Salvaged materials should be used as much as possible.
  • Doors & windows
  • Cabinetry, furnishings, and equipment
  • May be extra costs involved with preparation for reuse, but cost savings may occur relative to new construction
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18
Q

Metals

A
  • Large amounts of embodied energy, but highly recyclable
  • Steel with 30% recycled content, aluminum with 20% readily available
  • Electroplating very toxic; use powdercoating or allow natural weathering when possible
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19
Q

Reclaimed Wood

A

Wood salvaged from old buildings and prepared for new use

Ecologically sound, unique visual character

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20
Q

Sustainable or Alternative Materials

A
  • Engineered wood products – laminated ‘I’ joists, laminated veneer lumber
  • Particleboard & formaldehyde-free MDF
  • Straw particleboard – made from wheat straw, rice straw, & sugar cane
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21
Q

Certified Wood Products

A
  • Products that use wood from sustainable forest management practices
  • Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) best known in North America
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22
Q

Plastic

A

Plastics used in interior projects should be marked for recycling.

  • Compostable plastics specified if possible
  • PET from soft-drink containers used to make carpet
  • Bioplastics, like PLA made from corn, used in carpet
  • Newer plastics, like metallocene polyolefins can replace PVC
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23
Q

Adhesives

A

Adhesives are a major cause of VOC contamination – low VOC adhesives:

  • Dry adhesives containing resins activated by pressure
  • Water-based adhesives containing latex or PVA
  • Natural plant resin/water based adhesives
24
Q

Carpet

A

Carpet – three major considerations for sustainability

  • Raw material use – PET & Wool
  • Raw material disposal – recycling difficult; some carpet tile manufacturers have recycling programs
  • Indoor air quality – fusion bonding, needlepunch process
  • Carpet Research Institute Green Label
25
Q

Vinyl Flooring

A

Durable, easy cleaning, low cost

High levels of PVC; look for low-PVC content

26
Q

Rubber Flooring

A
  • Made from recycled tires; durable, slip-resistant

- Can give off pollutants

27
Q

Linoleum

A
  • Made from natural, renewable products
  • Does not generate static electricity
  • Use low-VOC adhesives to maintain good IAQ
28
Q

Cork Flooring

A
  • Highly renewable
  • Imported from S. Europe
  • Excellent sound absorber
29
Q

Wood Flooring

A
  • Specify FSC-Certified wood
  • Veneered/laminated products available
  • Use prefinished material when possible to avoid IAQ issues
30
Q

Bamboo and Palm Wood Flooring

A
  • Renewable materials; bamboo matures in 3-5 years

- Palm wood is byproduct of coconut farming

31
Q

Ceramic Tile

A
  • High embodied energy due to production/transportation
  • Natural materials, very durable, no emissions, low maintenance
  • Avoid epoxy-modified grout, plastic adhesives, use low-VOC sealers
32
Q

Gyp Wall Board

A
  • 100% recycled paper covering
  • 7% of gypsum is synthetic; major source is power plant emission reduction processes
  • Disposal problematic; not easily recycled
33
Q

Sisal Wallcovering

A
  • Natural material
  • Fairly rough, not suitable for wet areas
  • Must use low-VOC adhesives; allow for expansion/contraction
34
Q

Paints and Coatings

A
  • Major source of VOC’s, IAQ problems in buildings
  • EPA sets maximum VOC content, CA has stricter standards
  • LEED credit for compliance with Green Seal Standard GS-11; only 20% of VOC standard allowable by EPA
35
Q

Ceilings

A
  • Can be made from recycled materials; content can be 95%
  • Cheaper to recycle than sending to landfill in many cases
  • Grid is recyclable
36
Q

Furnishing

A
  • Reused/refurbished furniture
  • Select furniture made from highly recyclable materials (steel, solid wood, glass)
  • Specify reclaimed/FSC-certified wood construction
  • Specify formaldehyde-free MDF or strawboard
  • Specify PET or natural fibers, organic cotton fabric for cushions, workstations
  • Specify biodegradable/nontoxic dyes
  • Specify low-VOC finishes
  • Specify powdercoating or naturally-finished metals
  • Require cushions to be foamed with CO2-injected foam
37
Q

Building Commissioning

A
  • Process of inspecting, testing, starting up, and adjusting of building sysems & verifying proper operation
  • Necessary for LEED credit; cannot done by members of design team to receive LEED certification
38
Q

Mechanical Systems

A
  • Specify conformance with ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1; required for LEED
  • Specify mechanical system must not use CFC refrigerants; required for LEED
  • Specify displacement ventilation (uses underfloor air supply/ceiling return) if possible
39
Q

Electricty Use

A
  • Reduce power use by ambient/task lighting, use daylighting strategies
  • Specify automatic lighting/timers, submetering equipment when appropriate
  • Specify daylight-responsive controls, energy-efficient appliances
  • Specify high light reflectance finishes to improve daylighting
40
Q

Plumbing

A

Specify low-flow fixtures & water use reduction strategies

41
Q

IAQ

A

Indoor Air Quality

42
Q

Two Types of Contaminents

A
  • Chemical

- Biological

43
Q

Chemical Contaminants

A
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s)
  • Chemicals containing carbon, hydrogen, vaporize at room temperature
  • Major sources of VOC’s are Paints, stains, adhesives, sealants, water repellants, particle board, furniture, upholstery, carpeting
  • Formaldehyde – colorless gas with pungent odor; probable carcinogen found in resins & adhesives found in particleboard, wall paneling, MDF, furniture, carpet adhesives
  • California Proposition 65 lists 76 chemicals that must be disclosed on products containing these compounds
  • Greenguard Environmental Institute produces a list of products, chemicals, and maximum emission levels in order to be certified.
44
Q

Biological Contaminents

A
  • Mold, mildew, bacteria, viruses, mites, pollen, animal dander, dust, insects
  • Mold & Mildew major causes of biological IAQ problems; only effective prevention is preventing/controlling moisture, limiting use of materials that provide nutrients
45
Q

Causes of Poor Indoor Air Quality

A
  • Chemical contaminants from indoor and outdoor sources
  • Biological contaminants
  • Poor ventilation
46
Q

Symptoms of Poor Indoor Air Quality

A
  • Sick Building Syndrome: symptoms disappear when occupants leave building
  • Building-Related Illness: symptoms do not disappear after occupants leave bldg.
  • Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: acute, long-term sensitivity to chemical exposure
47
Q

Strategies for Maintaining Good Indoor Air Quality

A
  • Eliminate/reduce pollution sources
  • Control ventilation
  • Establish good maintenance procedures
  • Control occupant activity
48
Q

Asbestos

A
  • Naturally-occurring fibrous mineral
  • Causes lung cancer, asbetosis, mesothelioma
  • Exposure by friable (crumbled) or disturbed installation
  • Must be tested/removed by certified, licensed contractors during demolition/renovation
49
Q

Vermiculite

A
  • Naturally-occurring mineral that resembles mica
  • Expands by heating during processing; used as pour-in insulation, acoustic finishes, fire protection, sound-deadening compounds
  • Some older installations may be contaminated with asbestos
50
Q

Lead

A
  • Highly toxic metal
  • Used in paint prior to 1978, must be removed by certified, licensed contractor
  • Most exterior uses phased out due to soil contamination; flashings, gutters, downspouts
51
Q

Radon

A
  • Colorless, odorless, tasteless radioactive gas

- Causes lung cancer; exposure by seepage through foundations

52
Q

PCB’s

A
  • Mixtures of synthetic organic chemicals
  • Carcinogens; most uses banned under Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
  • Once used in building transformers, fluorescent light transformers, paints, coatings, plastic/rubber products
53
Q

Adaptive Reuse

A
  • Reusing as much of existing building stock as possible
  • LEED credit for maintaining 75% of existing structure/shell, excluding windows & nonstructural roofing
  • Additional credit for maintaining 50% of non-shell areas
  • At smaller scale, components such as heavy timbers, doors, bricks, etc.; LEED credit for using 5% and 10% of total building materials
54
Q

Recycled Materials

A
  • Recyclability: previously used material’s capability for use as resource in manufacture of a new product
  • Difficult in many cases due to need to separate substances, often by hand
55
Q

Building Disposal

A
  • If old products and materials cannot be reused or recycled, they must be burned or placed in landfills.
  • Biodegradable materials break down quickly & return to earth
  • Aluminum, plastics, and steel do not decompose quickly
  • LEED credit for diverting 50% of construction, demolition, and land-clearing debris to recycling or donation to charitable organizations
  • Biobased products can be used to minimize disposal problems; adhesives, composite panels, gypsum wallboard substitutes, ceiling tiles, carpet backing are available
  • LEED credit for rapidly renewable materials (made from plants harvested on 10-yr. cycle or less) if they compose 5% of total building materials

CTech (18 decks)

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