1968: Social Movements Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What part does Gerd-Rainer Horn see students playing in the civil rights movement in America?
A
“college students were in the forefront of this rapidly advancing social movement”
2
Q
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the student protests in America in 1960-61 as being the start of?
A
“the first page of the first chapter of what eventually became an international student revolt”
3
Q
What happened at the Agricultural and Techincal College in North Carolina in February 1960?
A
Four black students staged a sit-in at a diner for white people only
4
Q
When did four black students stage a sit-in at a white-only bar?
A
February 1960
5
Q
Where did the sit-in of four black students take place?
A
North Carolina
6
Q
What college were the four black students who staged a sit-in from?
A
Agricultural and Technical College
7
Q
What did the sit-in by four black students lead to?
A
Support from students across the country and the creation of the SNCC
8
Q
What was the SNCC?
A
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
9
Q
When was the SNCC created?
A
1961
10
Q
What is the Mississippi Freedom Summer?
A
When more than a thousand white northern students travelled to take part in civil rights activism in the south
11
Q
Why was the Mississippi Freedom Summer enacted?
A
Because prior to it the civil rights campaigns in the south had been by mainly black students and had faced repression, so by bring white students into the campaigns they sought to end much of the racist oppression by the states
12
Q
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn credit the SNCC and in particular the Freedom Summer with doing in the US?
A
Making breakthroughs in civil rights in the early to mid 1960s
13
Q
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn argue provided the most important catalyst for student movements in the north of America after 1965?
A
Anti-Vietnam War activity
14
Q
What activism did students participate in during the Freedom Summer?
A
- voter registration campaigns
- running ‘freedom schools’ to teach black children
15
Q
What international influence does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the SNCC and Freedom Summer as having?
A
“the initial inspiration behind the rise to prominence of Western European radical social movements” in the 1960s
16
Q
Where did the Free Speech Movement take place?
A
University of California, Berkeley
17
Q
What sparked the Free Speech Movement?
A
When the University of California banned student political organisations from operating on a particular public street, and designated a different and secluded space for them to set up their tables instead
18
Q
What was the FSM originally called?
A
United Front
19
Q
What is the FSM?
A
The organisation consisiting of all Berkeley student organisations
20
Q
What did student political organisations at Berkeley do in response to restrictions placed on them by the university?
A
Form the organisation United Front to coordinate their activities and protest the new restrictions by the university - typically by breaking the new rules
21
Q
When was United Front formed?
A
September 1964
22
Q
When were Berkeley’s new rules implemented on student organisations?
A
September 1964
23
Q
When did United Front change its name?
A
October 1964
24
Q
Quote by Gerd-Rainer Horn about the influence of Berkeley students and the FSM internationally?
A
“an inspiration for social movements around the world”
25
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the FSM events of 1964 as being the catalyst for?
Protests against the Vietnam War across the rest of the US
26
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see as a good indicator of whether a student would take part of activism or not?
Their political ideology - "The more to the left a person's political outlook, the more likely that person was to take to the streets"
27
Anotehr quote by Gerd-Rainer Horn about the international influence of US students of the FSM?
"American students served as role models for their European counterparts"
28
Where does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the most sustained series of protests happening in Western Europe between 1966-68?
At the Univeristy of Trento, in Trento, Italy
29
When was the University of Trento founded?
1962
30
What was the only subject students could take at the University of Trento and from where was the curriculum inspired?
Sociology, and the curriculum was modelled on the American curriculum
31
What was the University of Trento the first university in Italy to do?
Offer sociology as a degree
32
What did the Italian government announce in 1965?
That the sociology degree offerred by the University of Trento would not be of equal value compared to other degree courses
33
When does Gerd-Rainer Horn argue Italy's 1968 began?
In 1966, with student movements at the University of Trento
34
What did students at Trento do in response to the devaluing of their degree?
They went to Rome to lobby members of parliament
35
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see the events of Trento students as doing?
Teaching them that "Non-traditional forms of political action had scored a victory over politics as usual"
36
What did the Italian government do in response to student lobbying?
Backtracked and made the status of Trento sociology degrees equal to other degrees
37
What did students at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, in Milan, protest in November 1967?
A 50% increase in student fees
38
What did the students of the University of the Sacred Heart choose to do in protest of the student fees?
Occupy their university
39
What did the president of the University of the Sacred heart do in response to the protesting students?
Called the police to clear the occupied building
40
What did students at the University of Trento do in November 1967?
Go on strike in opposition to "all forms of authoritarianism including...the Italian state" - so they were called for societal changes, not just university ones
41
What did a protesting student at Trento say about what had influenced him?
"what the students at Berkeley had managed to create"
42
What does the police repression of the students at the University of the Sacred Heart represent?
The heavy handedness of an authroitarian state that students across the country began to oppose
43
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn see happening to protesting Italian students after March 1968?
"the growing realization on the part of the student protestors that the conquest of universities alone would not usher in any significant radical changes" and "the gradual decline of student actions"
44
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn point out about the desires of a majority of Italian student during 1968?
That they were not willing to protest with other students against the state, meaning student protestors represented a minority of overall student numbers
45
What does Gerd-Rainer Horn say student movements and protests had managed to do by March 1968?
"to paralyse the entire system of higher education in the Italian state under the banner of total opposition to the existing structures of society and the state" - but this was as far as it could go
46
What does Arif Dirlik argue 1968 was not?
"some universal spirit"
47
How does Arif Dirlik describe 1968?
"coincidence in time"
48
How does Arif Dirlik see the movements of 1968 appearing as?
"an organized movement that transcended national and even continental boundaries"
49
What does Arif Dirlik say about the origins of the movements of 1968?
"the movements of 1968 had their own histories"
50
What does Arif Dirlik see 1968 as predominantly being?
"a year of student political upheaval"
51
How does the siginificance of students in 1968 signify a difference between the First/Second and the Third worlds according to Arif Dirlik?
"in most Third World cases students long had been participants in politics, and their activities had played an important part in national liberation struggles against colonialism"
52
How does Arif Dirlik see China in relation to 1968?
"it is exemplary of a Third World situation in which 1968 was a product of internally generated conflicts"
53
When was the Cultural Revolution in China officially?
1966-1969
54
What was the aim of the Cultural Revolution?
To rid China of capitalist and traditional Chinese societal elements in order to preserve communism
55
What does Arif Dirlik see as playing a significant part in the movements of 1968?
Mao Zedong's Marxism
56
What was the appeal of Maoist Marxism according to Arif Dirlik?
It offered a new kind of communism other than the soviet, centralised, bureaucratic kind
57
When was the Tet Offensive launched?
January 1968
58
What was the Tet Offensive?
An attack by the Viet Cong and Soviet-supported People's Army in the North against the American-supported South Vietnamese Army
59
What was the effect of the Tet Offensive?
It dealt a massive blow to the South Vietnamese and American forces
60
What was the significance of the Tet Offensive to the movements of 1968 according to Arif Dirlik?
The North Vietnamese were seen as a people-based, anti-imperialist revolutionary movement, and the fact that they could deal a massive blow to the American, capitalist, war machine was an example of the people's power
61
What does Arif Dirlik see student movements of 1968 in Turkey as becoming?
"vehicles through which deep-rooted social and
political divisions were articulated"
62
What does Arif Dirlik argue inspired student activists in both India and Turkey?
Maoism
63
What did students demand in Egypt in 1968?
Democratisation of their universities and of society
64
What does Arif Dirlik see as triggering the protests in Egypt in 1968?
Egypt's loss in the Six Day War with Israel in 1967 and dissatisfaction with Nasser
65
What does Arif Dirlik point out about the demands of student proterstors in Mexico?
That few were actually calling revolution
66
What were German journalists covering the student protests in Mexico surprised about?
That they were considered revolutionary because they were demanding the enforcement of a democractic constituion
67
What does Arif Dirlik argue we need to refrain from doing with the movements of 1968?
"ascribe a common identity"
68
Why does Arif Dirlik argue we cannot give a common identity to the movements of 1968?
"prior history was quite important in shaping each movement, its concerns, and configurations"
69
What does Jeremi Suri say about 1968?
"The entire world shook in 1968"
70
How does Jeremi Suri describe the events of 1968?
"A global wave of urban protests"
71
What does Jeremi Suri see the students of 1968 as being angered at?
A stagnant political status quo
72
What does Jeremi Suri see as provoking the student movements of 1968?
The false promises of both capitalist and communist leaders that promised prosperity but did not deliver it
73
What does Jeremi Suri argue the movements of 1968 did not have?
"anything resembling an international program for
political and social change"
74
What does Jeremi Suri argue happened despite the movements of 1968?
"governments managed to maintain their control over
domestic society"
75
How does Jeremi Suri describe the reactions of governments across the globe in 1968?
"excessive police force"
76
What did the reactions of governments to the movements of 1968 lead people to perceive according to Jeremi Suri?
"a larger “culture” of government repression"
77
What does Jeremi Suri say about the majority of Berkeley students?
"A majority of Berkeley residents never participated in these activities"
78
What was the Berkeley Barb?
A weekly anti-war newspaper
79
When was the Berkeley Barb founded?
1965
80
What did the Berkeley Barb proclaim?
That protestors were fighting a revolution
81
What did the Berkeley Barb call for?
"basic change" to be implemented by the establishment
82
What did US students want in relation to Vietnam?
America to withdraw from the conflict, seeing their presence as imperialist
83
When did the US withdraw from Vietnam?
1973 - so the movements of 1968 did not achieve their goal
84
What were protests in Paris in 1968 aimed at?
Protesting French complicity in the Vietnam War and anti-American
85
What does Jeremi Suri say the Paris protestors demanded?
"The protesters demanded that the university and
the government stop trying to “run society like an army.”"
86
Which university in Paris did students protest and stage a sit-in at in May 1968?
Sorbonne University
87
What did the rector of Sorbonne University do in response to the sit-in by students in May 1968?
Called the police to remove and arrest the students
88
What did the actions of the recotr of Sorbonne lead to?
Further protests by students against the heavy-handed repression of protestors, leading to street violence between students and police and barricades in the streets
89
Did French students succeed in their revolution according to Jeremi Suri?
"The demonstrators did not accomplish their revolution, but they did undermine de Gaulle’s leadership."
90
What was the French state referred to?
The Fifth Republic
91
Who was the president of France in 1968?
Charles de Gaulle
92
What does Jeremi Suri see Mao's China as offering?
"a “new direction” for revolution in a world dominated by conservative leaders. This image was, however, more myth
than reality"
93
How does Jeremi Suri characterise the situation at the end of the 1960s?
leaders "still controlled most of the guns, finances, and communications media. The protesters on the streets remained relatively weak"
94
What does Jeremi Suri conclude about the global aspect of 1968?
"little coordination or common understanding"
95
When was the workers' strike in Venice?
1968
96
Where was the workers' strike in Venice?
Porto Marghera
97
What were the Venice workers on strike demanding?
Equal bonuses for all workers regardless of seniority
98
Who joined the workers' strike in Venice in 1968?
Students from Venice's school of architecture
99
What did Germano Mariti, a worker at the Porto Marghera factory, think upon entering the factory?
That the dehumanising structure of the factory reminded him of a concentration camp
100
What did Germano Mariti see the workers' link with students as doing?
He thought it made the workers part of a global movement for freedom and equality
101
What does Michael Fischbach think the appeal of the Palestinian cause to black americans was?
The idea that Palestinians were "waging alone what they called a people's war against tremendous odds"
102
How does Michael Fischbach see a link between black Americans and Palestinians?
"There was a georgraphic map of the world and there was a political map"
103
What does Salar Mohandesi argue about the Vietnam War?
"The Vietnam War made May '68 possible"
104
Why does Salar Mohandesi see Vietnam as being crucial to France's May 1968?
"In France, Vietnam became a universal symbol of revolt, supercharging other struggles"
105
What does Salar Mohandesi see as the significance of Vietnam internationally?
"Internationally, just as Vietnamese revolutionaries inspired the French, the events of May '68 inspired radicals elsewhere"
106
How did French radical students view the Vietnam War according to Salar Mohandesi?
"as the focal point od a world-wide struggle"
107
What does Salar Mohandesi see as the objective of French radical students?
"to rapidly transform the global system that made such wars possible in the first place"
108
What did students at Sorbonne University do in 1965?
"wrote a detailed article about struggles in Berkeley"
109
What does Salar Mohandesi argue some French radical students wanted to do?
Build "a formal international organization capable of uniting radicals from different countries"
110
What did students conclude was the best way to help Vietnamese revolutionaries according to Salar Mohandesi?
"seriously disrupt affairs in their own countries"
111
What did African Americans see themselves as?
An internal colony and a part of the struggle against colonialism and imperialism
112
What does Salar Mohandesi see as the link between African Americans and Vietnamese revolutionaries?
They were both being opporessed and colonised by America
113
What did Ernesto Che Guevara say about aiding the Vietnamese?
That revolutionaries around the world had to "create, two, three, many Vietnams"
114
How did French radicals link their struggle to the struggles against imperialism in America and Vietnam?
They argued that American imperialism was at the head but needed the support of other capitalist countires in Europe, meaning the French had an equally important role to play
115
When did students from 15 European and American countries meet in West Berlin for an antiwar conference?
February 1968
116
How many radical student met in Berlin for the antiwar conference?
Over 5000
117
What does Salar Mohandesi argue promted the antiwar conference in West Berlin?
"What brought them together, depsite their many differences, was Vietnam"
118
What was the result of the antiwar conference in West Berlin according to Salar Mohandesi?
"to build the worldwide anti-imperialist front in the heart of the advanced capitalist world"
119
What does Salar Mohandesi see as the impact of the Tet Offensive?
"Its effect on young radicals was immesurable...revolution had become a reality"
120
What did French student radicals do on February 21 1968?
Turned the Latin Quarter of Paris into the Heroic Vietnam Quarter, planting Vietnamese flags on Sorbonne, renamed buildings and changed street signs to literally make another Vietnam
121
How does Salar Mohandesi describe the actions of 21 February 1968?
"arguably their most militant antiwar action yet"
122
How can France's May 1968 be seen according to Salar Mohandesi?
"it was merely one front in the worldwide revolution, with the Vietnamese at the head"
123
What did May '68 show young radical students around the world according to Salar Mohandesi?
"that revolution was possible in the advanced capitalist world"
124
What does Jaime Pensado argue Mexican students were tired of in 1968?
"the corruption and repression that had come to characterize Mexico"
125
What does Jaime Pensado see 1968 as?
"the explosion of student protest that characterized this period was a global phenomenon"
126
How does Jaime Pensado see student mindsets in 1968?
"Students residing in different corners of the world envisioned themselves as part of the same global fight against capitalist exploitation, communist repression, colonial rule, and imperialist domination" - [so some were against capitalism while others were against communism, meaning their revolutions were not the same]
127
As well as political, how did Mexican students view revolution according to Jaime Pensado?
Culturally
128
What does Jaime Pensado argue about the aims of Mexican students that were protesting?
"the overwhelming majority of leftist students did not want to overthrow the government or implement a socialist regime in Mexico"
129
How does Jaime Pensado describe the aims of Mexican student radicals?
Moderate and cultural in nature
130
What changes were Mexican students calling for as Jaime Pensado points out (but did not achieve)?
- Equal distribution of communal lands
- Nationalization of natural resources
- Investment in industries and infrastructure
[all national, not global, objectives]
131
What did Mexican students claim to be representing?
The will of the nation
132
What did the demands of mexican students develop into (give examples)?
More narrow and specific:
- subsidized cafeterias
- scholarships for low-income students
- respect for the constitution
- removing the American football team
- freedom for all political prisoners
- individual rights to speak freely
133
What does Jaime Pensado conclude about the aims of Mexican students?
"above all, the student organizations of the New Left were primarily concerned with local issues"
134
What did one Mexican student magazine declare?
"We do not want to be a rebellious generation but a revolutionary one"
135
Who does Jaime Pensado identify as the enemies of Mexican student protests?
"authority figures whom students felt had abused their political and eonomic power"
136
How does Jaime Pensado sum up Mexico's 1968 student demands?
"the overwhelmingly moderate New Left at UNAM primarily demanded respect of their constitutional rights" - [so the enforcement of existing rights, not a change of the political regime]
137
Rather than revolution, how does Jean Allman characterise 1968 for African countries?
"years of reversal and retrenchment. These were years that witnessed the consolidation of neocolonialism,...the consolidation of U.S. empire"
138
What was the outcome of 1968 according to Jean Allman?
The loss of a future outside the nation-state or "the domination of the 'free market'"
139
What does Toav Di-Capua say about the significance of 1968 to the Arab world?
"In the short run, not much"
140
What does Yoav Di-Capua see as the dominant concern of students in the Arab world in 1968?
"June 1967, the culturally devastating military defeat to Israel that had come only eleven months earlier"
141
What does Jiri Suk say about the Prague Spring's origins?
"It grew out of a comprehensive and rational critique of the extreme Stalinist project of modernization"
142
When was the Prague Spring?
January 1968 - August 1968
143
What was the Prague Spring?
A period of protest in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
144
What ended the Prague Spring?
When Warsaw Pact soldiers invaded the country to supress to what they saw as a counterrevolution
