1970 - 1979 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Summarize who Edward heath was?
A
Born in Broadstairs, Kent
Went to a Grammar school and Oxford
Involved in Conservative politics as a student, but was against their foreign policy, despised appeasement
Served in WWII in Royal artillery
became an MP in 1950
In charge of EEC negotiations in 1960
Became leader of opposition in 1965, beating out Maudling and Powell, making him the youngest ever Tory leader.
2
Q
What were some criticisms of Heath before he came to power?
A
Complaints about him being insensitive, rude and grumpy were made
He was not good at making political allies
3
Q
What was agreed shortly before the 1970 election at Selsdon park?
A
That the conservatives would adopt monetarist (reducing money supply) free market policies to solve unemployment and inflation, it marked the end of post war consensus politics, with heath abandoning income policies (instead letting market forces operate, allowing for free bargaining to occur between employees and employers).
4
Q
Why was the 1971 industrial relations act passed?
A
If there was truly no pay freeze or interventions, the trade unions could not have too much power (to control inflation) it was Designed to cut strikes and curb escalating wage demands.
5
Q
What was the 1971 Industrial relations act?
A
Passed by minister for labour Robert Carr:
- The act set up the National industrial relations court (NIRC) with the power to enforce ballots for strikes and a 6 month ‘cooling off’ period.
- Trade unions were now required to put themselves on a government register if they wanted to retain legal rights.
6
Q
What were trade union responses to Industrial Reactions act 1971?
A
Trade unions were furious, 140,000 union members marched through London chanting ‘Kill the Bill’
The trade union Congress told their members to de register and defy the NIRC if they were brought against them
The unions exploited a loophole, allowing them to refuse to accept agreements so long as the employers admitted that such agreements were not legally binding.
7
Q
What was the Barber boom?
A
In an effort to promtoe economic growth, prior to an application to the EEC, Anthony barber the chancellor:
- Reduced spending
- Reduced taxes
- And scrapped the incomes board
8
Q
What effect did the barber boom have?
A
It briefly saw economic growth spike to 15%, but it saw inflation also rise and spiraling wage demands.
9
Q
What was the government U turn on free market, no pay pauses policies?
A
in 1973 a statutory pay policy was reintroduced,
and Rolls Royce was nationalized alongside Clyde Bank shipbuilders over fears of Violence and outcry, despite them being a lame duck business.
10
Q
What is a lame duck business?
A
One that cannot survive without the aid of the government.
11
Q
What was the 1972 industry act?
A
Another Heath U turn, which aimed to involve the Govt, TUC and Confederation of British industry in agreeing wages, prices, investments and benefits, this was heavily criticized from the right by people like Enoch Powell.
12
Q
Why were there 3 major strikes in 1972?
A
The miners, Firefighters and ambulance drivers all went on strike over pay, claiming their wages were not increasing in line with other industries
13
Q
How large were the 1972 strikes?
A
They saw the highest number of strike days off work since 1923 at 24 million days.
14
Q
Who led the miners strikes?
A
Arthur Scargill
15
Q
What technique was used by Arthut scargill and the miners when striking?
A
Flying pickets are groups of striking workers that move from one workplace to another to picket them (stand outside and protest)
16
Q
Why was the Miners strikes so devastating?
A
It stopped the flow of coal around the country
17
Q
What did the government have to do in reaction to the miners strikes?
A
Heath was forced to call a government state of emergency
1.2 million workers had to be laid off
the Wilberforce committee was established.
18
Q
What did the Wilberforce committee do?
A
Announced a three day work week 50 mph speed limit TV to close down at 10:30PM An hour of no electricity each day agreed a large and generous wage settlement with the NUM (national Union of miners) leader Joe gormly Similar to wartime Austerity
19
Q
What events between the first miners strike and the general election encouraged Heath to call an election?
A
Further strikes and industrial disputes between firefighters and power workers
in Nov 1973 the Yom Kippur war in the OPEC countries further reduced power
also caused miners to ask for another pay rise
Heath reintroduced the 3 day work week in 1974
Heath Moved WIllie Whitelaw From NI to minister of employment but to no success
the NUM called another national strike in 1974 asking for more money.
20
Q
Why did heath call the 1974 Election?
A
He could not control the constant strikes and needed more power to do so, so he presented the question ‘who runs the country, parliament or the miners’
21
Q
What had inflation risen to in 1971 following the barber boom?
A
15% in 1971
22
Q
What happened to Rolls Royce and Clyde bank despite promises not to?
A
The government nationalized rolls Royce and offered a large subsidy of £34 million to keep Clyde bank shipbuilders afloat.
23
Q
What war further worsened the problems in Britain?
A
The arab-Israeli war (Yom Kippur war)
24
Q
How did the Yom Kippur war affect Britain?
A
in 1973, Arab OPEC countries were against Israel, and any countries they thought were siding with Israel they reduced they exports to, and also steeply raised the price of oil.
25
What happened to the price of British Oil?
From 1973 -80, the price of an oil barrel rose from $2 - $35
Britain's oil imports were cut by 15%
The cost of British oil imports were trebled
26
What pay increase did the miners receive to end the strikes?
Arthur Scargill agreed to a 21% pay rise 3 x what was originally asked for
27
Why was Britain more willing to join the EEC?
They were less reliant on the commonwealth by 1973, and the National farmers union saw the benefits of entry
Charles De Galle had now did and was replaced by Georges Pompidou who was very open for Britain to join.
France was also fearful of German independence and wanted Britain to join to counter balance this.
28
When was Britain accepted into the EEC?
Britain was accepted into the EEC on the 1st of January 1973 alongside Ireland and Denmark.
29
What were the two things under Heath which Heightened tensions in Northern Ireland?
Internment and Gerrymandering
30
What was internment?
A system of imprisonment without trial, historically used in enemy countries using wartime, it arrested people in NI who hadn't yet committed a crime but were believed to be terrorists
31
Name an example of when internment was used?
In operation Demetrius in August 1971, British soldiers arrested 342 people believed to be IRA members or supporters, while no loyalists were arrested, this increased hostility and tensions towards the British military, and a number of protests followed.
32
What was Gerrymandering?
Deliberately planning an electoral system in order to exclude a given group and to keep another one in power. In NI, the provinces contained a large minority of roman Catholics, but the political institution had been designed to exclude them from representation.
33
What key event occurred during Heath's Government in NI?
Bloody Sunday
34
In what ways was Heath partly responsible for bloody Sunday?
he backed the policy of internment and supported British troops in northern Ireland.
35
What was the NICRA?
The northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
36
What were the Events of Bloody Sunday?
The NICRA organised a march against internment in Derry (prohibited at the time) with numbers of about 10-15,000 people, Upon reaching a British Military barricade, a minority group broke away and became violent, resulting in the British troops firing on them, killing 13 people, It is believed they may have opened fire because IRA members were using bombs and guns to attack soldiers.
37
What event followed bloody sunday that further increased NI tensions?
A public enquiry was launched in may 1972 called the Widgery report that concluded that shots had been fired at the British Military before they had opened fire, this:
- Further heightened catholic resentment to the British
- Increased tension between Dublin and London
- Gave the IRA a huge propaganda boost, causing many to join the organisation
38
What was the Sunningdale agreement?
Parliament planned a deal with NI, an assembly would be elected by proportional representation, within it law and order would remain with Westminster, a consultee council (that would not make decisions) of Ireland would be invited, and Government and legislature would be handled by the NI gov, Despite a negative reaction from unionists who didn't want Ireland to have a say in NI the power sharing agreement was agreed Between Heath, Liam cosgrove (NI PM) and three representatives of the three main Ulster parties
The agreement was signed at Sunningdale Park located in Sunningdale, Berkshire, on 9 December 1973.
39
Why did the Sunningdale agreement fall apart?
Unionist opposition, violence and general strike caused the collapse of the agreement in May 1974.
40
What were the main issues Wilson had Inherited?
```
Inflation was at 15%
BoP deficit was at £3 billion
Trade unions and miners strikes
Three day work week
Tense situation in Northern Ireland
A disunited Labour party
```
41
What was Britain's Economy like when Wilson took over?
BoP deficit at £3 billion
Inflation at 15%
Unemployment at 1.44 million
British industry was not producing enough goods to export at the right price, so foreign competitors secured a larger share of the market, Britain's GDP was one of the Largest in Europe.
42
What did the Economic problems of the mid 1970s force the labour government to do?
In September 1976, The chancellor Dennis Healey began to negotiate a £3 billion loan from the IMF.
43
What were the terms of the IMF loan?
Britain would receive a £3 billion dollar loan, on the promise it made major cuts in public expenditure.
44
What were Labours reactions to the IMF loan?
The labour party were not united on the issue, with the labour left thought applying for the loan was conservative - they did not want to rely on international finances and meet their demands.
The centre right claimed that the government appeared weak and was at risk of losing its power to operate independently and was alienating its voters.
Far left Tony Benn claimed that giving into the demands deprived the supposedly socialist government the moral high ground and opened the way for Thatcher.
45
How did Dennis Healey meet the IMF's Demands?
He cut public expenditure by £3 billion, with £2.5 billion in cuts on taxes on alcohol and tobacco.
46
What happened which led to a recovery of Finances?
The policies and cuts in expenditure brought in by Healey, accompanied with the discovery of North sea oil brought about an improvement financially, and Britain was soon able to pay off the IMF loan and had a surplus balance of payments.
47
Why was the Labour party not united over the EEC when it came to power in 1974?
The Labour left wingers like Tony Benn wanted Britain to withdraw from the EEC, Believing it was a capitalist club that would harm labour's socialist nature While those on the right like Roy Jenkins and Shirley Williams wanted continued membership, when Benn suggested a referendum on the issue of Membership Wilson welcomed it and in his manifesto pledged that he would hold a referendum, if he was to get into power.
48
What did Wilson do with the EEC as soon as he got into power?
Wilson began negotiations with the EEC in regard to agriculture, Budget payments and commonwealth imports, no fromal agreements were made, but both sides knew it was mainly a gesture to show that Britain had a real say in what was happening in Europe.
49
What were MP's to do during the 1975 EEC Referendum?
MP's were told to choose whichever side they wanted to, creating a cross party divide.
50
What were the general patterns on who voted for what during the EEC referendum?
Mainly, labour wanted to leave, but the government backed remain, while conservatives and Liberals mostly wanted to stay
51
What happened just before the Referendum that may have changed the results of it?
A week before the referendum, the Government sent a leaflet to every household in the country, highlighting the positives of remain and encouraging them to vote remain.
52
What were the results of the 1975 referendum?
64.5% chose to remain
35.5% wanted to leave
Voter turnout was 2/3
53
In what ways was the referendum a failure by the labour party?
Many think it should have become before Britain's entry, not after - seeing it as a 'fait accompli' (an irreversible position already established)
Critics also pointed out that the yes% of the vote had double the amount of money to lobby with compared to the 'no group'
54
what level of benefits joining the EEC bring?
Very little, The rise in international oil price and the effects of inflation, negated the impacts of the EEC
The share of national imports from the EEC had doubled from 1958 - 1973, but Britain's imports from the EEC did not increase after this so there was no real trade benefit
Many were also worried about the loss of National sovereignty, which the EEC openly agreed with.
55
Why did the Lib Lab pact occur?
by 1977, Labours majority had fallen to just 1, so Callaghan was forced to make an agreement with the Liberal leader David steel in order to keep the Callaghan government going.
56
What were the terms of the Lib Lab pact?
The liberals would vote alongside labour policies in return for a promise to carry out devolution (giving more power to Cardiff and Edinburgh) and the ability to see the proposed new bills before they were introduced. Steel was also angling a deal for proportional representation, but nothing came from this.
57
Why did Wilson resign in April 1976?
Despite rumours, he had been planning this for some time and had told the Queen of his intentions the previous December.
He was only 60 but the strains of leadership were beginning to tell on him and he did not want to lead the party into a 5th general election.
He thought it right that his successor should be allowed to establish himself before the next election.
Wilson’s critics claim that the humiliation of not being able to solve the country’s economic problems forced the decision but Ben Pimlott, his biographer sees no reason to believe this. ‘He was not ill, but he was ageing’…..
58
What was Callaghan like?
At 64 he was older than Wilson. From the right of the party he seemed to inspire confidence. He was particularly successful at dealing with the new Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher.
59
What were the four main ways Labour dealt with their economic issues?
- Received the IMF loan
- Steep rises in taxation alongside £3 billion cuts in public expenditure
- The National Enterprise board (NEB) was set up
- North sea oil was discovered
60
What was the National enterprise Board?
The NEB was set up under Tony Benn in 1974 to administer the governments share holdings in private companies, it could also give financial aid
61
How successful was the NEB?
Its aim was to increase investment but by 1975,its effectiveness was being questioned, The government's decision to rescue the 'lame duck' company British Leyland caused controversy and following the Failure of the social contract, a more strict pay policy system was introduced.
62
Why were trade unions unhappy with Wilson's second Government?
The cuts in public expenditiure and the subsequent rise in unemployment weakened the traditional unity between labour and the trade unions, they did however repeal the industrial relations act, which somewhat strengthened the bond
63
What had Wilson agreed while in opposition with the trade unions?
he had negotiated the social contract with the TUC general secretary Vic feather
64
What did the Social contract agree?
It was an agreement that stated when Labour returned to power, they would follow a wage restraint policy in return for the adoption of pro worker industrial policies by the government.
65
How successful was the social contract?
Not very, as both workers and the trade unions rarely stuck to wage restraint.
66
In what ways did Labour introduce pro worker policies to meet the social contract?
- introduced Tony Benn and Michael foot (two left wingers) in charge of the departments of industry and employment
- Wilson introduced a series of improvements in tentants rights, social security benefits and an increase in the pension
67
What was trade union membership typically at in the UK and when did it change?
Trade union membership often hovered around 10 million, but by 1979 it had climbed to 13 million
68
What did Wilson set up to try end inflation and adhere to the social contract?
- A new National enterprise board was set up while Heath's pay board was abolished
- the advisory, conciliation and arbitration service (ACAS) was set up to solve industrial disputes
69
what was unique about the positions callaghan had previously held in government?
He was the first PM who had already been home seceratary, Chancellor and foreign Sec
70
What was unique about Callaghan's education?
He did not have a university level education, he could not pay for it despite passing the tests and instead went straight into the civil service and was in the navy during WW2.
71
What action had caused discontent to grow between the public and private sectors?
James Callaghan extended the social contract further, limiting wages to 5% despite inflation being at 10%, causing the number of striking days to increase.
72
When was the winter of Discontent?
1978 -1979
73
What action made Callaghan seem massively out of touch with the people?
During the particularly cold winter, with bad industrial news in the headlines, the PM was at an international summit in Guadeloupe, where he was photographed swimming in tropical waters while everyone back in the UK was struggling.
74
What did Callaghan do upon returning from Guadeloupe that made him seem further out of touch?
Upon returning, he was asked about the 'mounting chaos in the country' to which he replied 'if you look at it from the outside' ... 'i don't think that other people in the world would share the view that here is mounting chaos'
75
How did the press capitalise on Callaghan's statement on the state of the country?
The very next day, the Sun Headline was 'Crisis? What crisis?' Causing resentment to increase and the number of striking days to go up.
76
What is the 'Winter of discontent' a reference to?
It is a quotation from the Shakespeare play Richard III
77
What were examples of who went on strike?
NHS workers went on strike, firefighters and police, gravediggers went on strike meaning the dead could not be buried, Rubbish collectors went on strikes causing the build-up of rubbish which encouraged rats to roam the streets, giving the press lots of ammunition towards the Callaghan administration.
78
Why was the winter of discontent incredibly damaging to the labour party?
The Labour party had long sold its self to have control over the trade unions and strikes and thus be able to control the economy, as a result the winter of discontent and the IMF loan fatally undermined this.
79
How many strike days were there in 1979?
29.5 million days lost to strikes, the highest since the 1926 general workers strikes
80
What were the four areas of society to look at in the 1970s?
- Environmentalism
- Youth
- Feminism
- Race and immigration
81
What type of Feminism was emerging in the 1970s?
it saw the High point of Second wave feminism
82
What gave the second wave feminist movement recognition in 1977?
In 1977, the UN officially recognised international women's day
83
What Feminist groups sprang up across the country following their first meeting in 1970?
'Women's Liberation' groups
84
What did Women's liberation groups disrupt in 1970?
In 1970, they disrupted the Miss world contest as they believed it objectified women, they threw smoke and stink bombs on the stage, and heckled the host Bob hope. However the numbers at the event were small and the press and public were not supportive of the event.
85
What did Women's Liberation groups demonstate for in 1971
They marched in Liverpool and London demanding for equal pay and free 24 hour nurseries.
86
Why was the feminist movement not as successful as it should of been?
The feminist movement was split into many groups of different ideologies.
87
What were the to main types of feminist?
Social feminists
| Radical feminists.
88
What were Radical feminists?
Feminists who were also sometimes separatists, they believed that women were oppressed by the patriarchy (societal structure that benefitted men) and campaigned on issues like reproductive rights.
89
What were social feminists?
Feminists who identified a class dimension to women's equality, campaigning for issues that would enable women to achieve financial independence.
90
What progress was made with the Pill?
The pill had been made available in the 1960s, but in 1971 it was made available and widespread through the NHS.
91
What attempts were made against physical and sexual violence towards women?
- In 1976 the first Rape crisis centre was set up in London
- The domestic violence act 1976 made it possible for women to take out court orders and restraining acts against abusive partners.
- In 1977, 'Reclaim the night' Marches were held in cities across Britain, in a response to the murders of the Yorkshire ripper - Peter Sutcliffe - whole had killed at least 13 women and attempted to kill at least 7 more
- However most of these protests did not reach a mass membership and the discussions involved were largely limited to educated white women living prosperous lives, reaching out to women from other backgrounds was often difficult and not percieved as important
92
What led to the the Equal pay act 1970?
In 1968, a strike at a ford factory in Dagenham by sewing Machinists demanded equal pay, it was successful and led to discussions in parliament about passing legislation to reach equal pay.
93
What was the Equal pay act 1970?
Following Britain's Joining into the EEC, the country had to follow the treaty of Rome which involved equal pay, or equal pay for work of the same value, and it came into force in 1975.
94
What were the Drawbacks of the Equal pay act 1970?
The part of the treaty of Rome which stated 'Equal pay for work of the same value' meant that there were many arguments about what constituted equal value, and as a result the levels of pay came down to a matter of judgement, and often women would be performing different types of work, just so they could be paid less.
95
What was the 1975 Sex discrimination act?
The act aimed to protect both men and women against discrimination in their gender or marital status, as well as setting up the Equalities opportunity commission which oversaw both the sex discrimination and equal pay act (thought this did not occur in northern Ireland) it also outlawed harrasment.
96
When was the Equal pay act?
1970
97
When was the sex discrimination act?
1975.
98
What were the drawbacks of the Sex discrimination act 1975?
The Equality opportunities commission only launched nine investigations in eight years and only 10% of these were ever successful as it was so difficult to prove, with many afraid to provide a testimony or witness statements.
99
What was a key financial advancement for women other than Equal pay?
From 1971, women were able to take out a mortgage without a guarantor
100
What was the employment protection act 1975?
Introduced paid maternity lead and outlawed dismissal on the grounds of a pregnancy
101
What were the Negative aspects of feminist progression in society?
- Trade unions and parliament were still dominated by men
- Many believed that women in the workplace with equal pay would supress the wages of men (a big issue in many trade unions)
- The Equal pay act did not dress all concerns, as employers could get away with making tasks between genders slightly different and therefore not comparable
- Women's wages did go up but they were only 70% of what men's were
- The equalities opportunity commission only took out 9 investigations with just 10% being successful.
- The number of Women in Parliament had fallen , despite prominent female figures like Barbara Castle and Margaret thatcher
102
How much had womens wages gone up by through the 1970s?
```
1970 = 59% of men's wages
1979 = 70% of men's wages
```
103
How many women were in the Houses of commons in 1970 compared to 1979?
1970: women made up 4% of the HOC
1979: Women made up 3% of the HOC
104
What was the 1971 Immigration act?
The conservatives passed this act, which restricted the right of people from the new commonwealth from entering Britain, the new requirements to come to Britain were:
- They must have a guaranteed job there
- At least one Grandparent had to be born in Britain
105
What event caused a large spike in immigration in 1972?
Idi Amin (Uganda Dictator) expelled all 50,000 Ugandan Asians from Asia, many of the Ugandan Asians had British passports, since many moved from India to Uganda when India had been part of the empire, forcing heath to set up a resettlement board.
Also, when Bangladesh broke away from Pakistan in 1974, this also caused a large influx of Immigrants
106
How many Ugandan Asians arrived in Britain following 1972?
28,000
107
By 1974, How many new commonwealth immigrants arrived in Britain?
1 million
108
How many Immigrants came from which parts of the world?
325,000 from the West Indies
435,000 from India and Pakistan
150,000 From Africa
109
What act did the Labour Government pass in 1976 to reduce discrimination?
the 1976 Race relations act, which widened the previous 1965 one.
110
What was the 1976 Race relations act?
It made it a civil (but not Criminal) offence to discriminate in employment, education and the working of the states own agencies, as well as establishing the commission for racial equality which had the power to instigate investigations and to compel witnesses in front of it.
111
What was the 1976 Race relations act?
It made it a civil (but not Criminal) offence to discriminate in employment, education and the working of the states own agencies, as well as establishing the commission for racial equality which had the power to instigate investigations and to compel witnesses in front of it.
112
What was the National Front (NF)?
In 1967, the NF had been set up, but gained steam in the 70s, it was a organisation (and later political party) formed primarily to oppose immigration but it also adopted many other far right policies, like opposing NATO,UN, and the ECC + Liberalising legislation.
113
Where was the NF most active?
The NF was most active in areas of high immigrant populations, like Brick lane and Southall in London, as well as port cities where most of the immigrant population resided.
114
How many members did it have by 1976?
20,000 members
115
How many Candidates did the NF put forward in the 1974 Election?
90 Candidates, it won no seats but showed a growth in status
116
What was Thatcher's and the conservatives stance on immigration?
During an ITV interview, Thatcher said the conservative party would further restrict immigration, which reportedly received thousands of letters in support.
117
What would the NF typically do?
Go on Marches through areas with high immigrant populations, leading to violence:
- there had been over 100 incidences of assault
- 2 murders from 1976-1978
-
118
What was set up in retaliation to the NF?
The Anti Nazi league
119
What youth sub culture was attracted to the NF?
Skinheads, They would sometimes behind many violent outburst on minorities, known as 'paki bashing'
120
What was Rock against racism?
Following rock guitarists Eric Clapton's comment in support of Enoch Powell, a huge demonstration and concert in Trafalgar square was set up attracting 100,000 people in April 1978. The clash headlined, drawing on Reggae and sca influences as well as punk rock.
121
How many police officers in the Met were black?
In 1976, only 70 polices officers were black, out of a population of 22,000
122
Who was Blair Peach?
A teacher and Member of the Anti Nazi league who was killed when he was hit on the head with a police truncheon.
123
Who was Blair Peach?
A teacher and Member of the Anti Nazi league who was killed when he was hit on the head with a police truncheon.
124
What was a positive aspect of football regarding race?
In 1978, Viv Anderson became the first black football player on the England National Team
125
How did Local Authorities support race and immigration?
Many LAs began to follow multicultural policies, seeking to recognise and respect different ethnicities equally
126
What were the negative aspects of Race and immigration regarding pop culture?
- Football terraces were scenes of racism
- Football fans would make monkey noises and throw banana peels at black players
- Comedians also made racist jokes, the black and white minstrel show which saw white people portrayed as black people was able to run until 1978
127
What did the commission for racial equality say in 1980?
That 'Racial prejudice is still rife, and so is racial discrimination, while the response from the government has bee disappointingly inadequate'
128
Summarise the Anti-Nazi League?
Set up in 1970 by left wing party members to campaign against far right organisation's, individuals and policy, Its main focus was the NF but attention was drawn to other Neo Nazi groups, it was supported by MPs and Trade unions, by the end of the 1970s the NF was no longer seen as a threat and the Anti Nazi League disbanded.
129
What had happened to youth subcultures by the 1970s?
The Youth had become subdivided and there were more subcultures.
130
What was the Punk movement?
The movement began in 1975/76, influenced by many US bands like the New York dolls, it rejected commercialism. British bands like the Clash, Sex pistols, the Damned and the Buzzocks played faster guitar music where the words were shouted much louder over the music.
131
What was the Philosophy of the Punk movement?
Punk Philosophy was often Nihilistic, rejecting hippie culture and caring more about the attitude rather than the music itself. The lyrics of punk often represented the isolation they felt from the rest of society
132
What were the appearance of Punks?
They intended to look shocking and scary, wearing bondage gear, safety pins, ripped T shirts and had spikey hair.
133
Explain the importance of the Sex pistols?
Fronted by Johnny Rotten, they would often they would swear on live Tv and be aggressive to chat show hosts, sparking hostile press attacks. They would also release 'God save the Queen' during the Queen's silver Jubilee year (1977) with the BBC refusing to play it despite it reaching NO 2 in the Charts, as it alleged to the existence of a British fascist regime.
134
Who were Skinheads?
Skinheads developed from the Mod Culture at the end of the 1960s, tending to be lower class and despite initially being linked to Jamaican music culture, by the end of the 1970s they had become closely linked with the NF and football Hooliganism.
135
What was Football Hooliganism?
Football Hooliganism was an existing problem that gradually worsened over the decade, Organised groups linked to clubs like the Chelsea head-hunters and scenes of violence at football games that Football hooliganism had become known as 'the English Disease'
136
What was Progressive 'prog rock' ?
This included groups like Pink Floyd and genesis who were built on the sophistication of music in the 1960s like bands like the Beatles, by recording increasingly interesting and complex stage performances that were longer, required more performers and a higher level of music technology, David Bowie and similar artists focused on the more theatrical side of pop, he was called David Jones, who performed as David Bowie, who Played Ziggy Stardust.
137
What was the Media reaction to Youth subcultures?
There was a tendency for the press to focus on the negative parts of each subculture, for example, rather than focusing on the pacifism hippie culture encouraged, they drew attention to their look.
138
What were the conflicting youth subcultures called?
Many sociologists and historians described it as 'Moral Panic' - a feeling that the growing wickedness of the youth was threatening society as a whole.
139
What is Environmentalism?
ANy topic related to protecting the planet.
140
What advancement changed the way many people saw the world?
Satellite imagery of the earth from space highlighted the planets fragility, and had a big impact on peoples world view
141
What was Ecology?
Ecology entered the vocabulary of many, defining the health if the natural environment
142
What did many environmental views reject?
Many rejected ideas of commercialism and consumerism due to their profound impact on the environment
143
What event gave environmentalism Widespread European attention in 1970?
1970 was announced to be the year of European conservation,
144
What was Friends of the earth?
A pressure group that was formed in the USA in 1969, that had spread to Britain by 1971
145
How did the CND develop over the 1970s?
The original drive of the CND expanded to focus on not just Nuclear weapons but also atomic power, following the nuclear incident at Sellafields in Cumbria and the partial meltdown of three mile island, which further increased anxieties. The group protested against
146
How was David Attenborough impactful in the development of Environmentalism?
His ‘Life on Earth’ show used colour Photography and many new technology techniques to gain massive worldwide audiences to care more about
147
How were environmental concerns expressed in pop culture?
The 1972 book watership down was about rabbits that forced to move due to road development became a bestseller,
A comedy called the good life followed a couple trying to be self sufficient in a suburban house gained mass popularity
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How did the action of Terry goldsmith impact environmentalism?
He published a ‘blueprint for survival’, which advocated a return to a self sufficient and a deindustrialise society, this formed the political platform of the peoples party in 1973, later becoming the peoples party, later becoming the Green Party, by the end of the seventies this gave environmentalism a permanent political scene.
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What is Gaia theory?
British thinker James Lovelock gained many adherents to his Gaia theory regarding the interconnected ness of nature and environmental problems
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What was the maze Prison?
In 1971, republicans were arrested under operation Demetrious were interned at Long Kesh - where nearly 2000 people were held without trial
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What were the special category protests of the 1970s?
Many prisoners of political violence didn't see themselves as criminals and wanted to be separated from criminals. During negotiations for a truce with the IRA, the CONs agreed it would allow a 'special category status' for prisoners. After LAB made an agreement to store new prisoners in the new HMP Maze, 300 refused to comply and refused to shower, empty chamber pots and smear excrement on the walls of their cells.
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What did the 'special category status' allow?
- More free association time
- more visits
- more food parcels
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How many deaths did prison related protests lead to?
10 prisoners died from hunger strikes
| 19 Prison officers and British and RUC soldiers assassinated.
