1970 - 1992 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What was Nixon’s approach to Native American policy?
- (1969–74).
- Nixon rejected Termination and supported tribal self-determination.
- He increased funding by over 80%, returned land, and promoted Native-run services.
- Over 40 laws were passed supporting Native rights.
What did Nixon say in his 1970 speech to Congress?
Nixon said the goal was to ‘create conditions for a new era in which the Indian future is determined by Indian acts and Indian decisions.’
What was the Indian Education Act and when was it passed?
- 1972
- Provided funding for Native-controlled education and supported culturally relevant curricula.
What was the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act and when was it?
- 1975
- Allowed tribes to control federal programs like education, healthcare, and housing.
- Reduced Bureau of Indian Affairs’ power.
what was the impact of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act?
- By 1982, over 100 contracts had been signed by tribes to run services directly.
What was the Indian Child Welfare Act and when was it passed?
- 1978
- Prevented forced removal of Native children from their families.
- Promoted Native adoption within tribes.
What was the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and when was it passed?
- 1978
- Guaranteed Native Americans the right to practice traditional religions, access sacred sites, and perform ceremonies.
What was the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and when was it?
- 1990
- Required return of ancestral remains and sacred objects held by institutions.
- 5,000 human remains retuned by 1992
How did tribal governments change in the 1970s–1990s?
- Tribes gained legal recognition, expanded political structures, and negotiated land use and services directly with federal agencies.
How did tribal control over education improve by 1990?
- Number of tribal colleges rose from 0 in 1968 to 25 by 1990
- offering culturally relevant education for Native students.
What did the Indian Health Service achieve and what problems remained?
- Funding increased but services remained underfunded.
- Native life expectancy in 1990 was 71 – six years below national average.
What was the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act and when was it?
- 1980
- Restored 300,000 acres and provided $81.5 million compensation to Passamaquoddy and Penobscot tribes.
What was the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and when was it passed?
- 1988
- Legalised tribal-run casinos under federal regulation.
- Aimed to promote tribal economic development and self-sufficiency.
- Native gaming revenue rose to $1.5 billion by 1992.
How significant was gaming for Native economies by 1992?
- By 1992, over 100 tribes operated casinos, generating revenue for infrastructure, healthcare, and education.
What was the Alcatraz Occupation and why was it important?
- 1969–71
- Activists occupied Alcatraz Island to protest broken treaties.
- it gained media attention and sparked the Red Power movement.
- lasted 14 months
What happened at the Wounded Knee Occupation and when was it?
- 1973
- AIM and Oglala Lakota occupied Wounded Knee for 71 days to protest tribal corruption and broken treaties.
- Ended in violence but drew global attention.
What was the Longest Walk and when did it happen?
- 1978
- 3,000-mile march from San Francisco to Washington D.C. protesting anti-Native legislation.
- it raised awareness of treaty violations.
How did AIM resist federal neglect during this period?
- AIM organized protests, legal cases, and cultural programs.
- It pressured the government to address treaty rights and social issues.
What was the legacy of Native American activism in the 1970s–90s?
- It forced legal reforms, raised national awareness, and empowered younger Native generations to reclaim identity and rights.
How far did Native Americans achieve self-determination by 1992?
- Major gains in legal rights, education, and self-governance
- inequalities and federal dependence still persisted.
What were the limits of progress for Native Americans by 1992?
- Despite gains, many tribes faced poverty, health disparities, and lack of full sovereignty.
- Benefits were uneven between tribes.
- In 1990, Native Americans had a poverty rate of around 33%, compared to 13% national average
