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Med Neur 2 > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Which layer of cornea has HIGH REGENERATIVE capaticy?

A

epitelium

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2
Q

The layer of cornea is Acellular, unorganized collagen fibers, and is barrier to infection

A

Bowmans membrane

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3
Q

Layer of cornea that binds water, and maintains corneal clarity

A

Stroma

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4
Q

Stroma has what type of fibers?

A

type 1 collagen

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5
Q

which layer of cornea contributes to it’s thickness?

A

Stroma

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6
Q

These corneal cells will increase thickness with age and are entothelial cells

A

Descemets membrane

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7
Q

This simple layer of cells pumps water out of the stroma

A

Endothelium

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8
Q

Function of cornea

A

major refractive function

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9
Q

Nearsightedness is called ______

and has focus point:

A

Myopia

in front of fovea

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10
Q

Correct for Mypoia with a ______lens

A

Diverging or concave lens (-)

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11
Q

Farsisightedness is called _____

and has focus point:

A

hyperopia

beyond

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12
Q

Correct for hyperopia with a ______lens

A

convex lens

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13
Q

A perfect vision eye is:

A

diffraction limited

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14
Q

Lasik patient will have ____ point spread function and_______ wave aberrations

A

larger

tighter

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15
Q

What are the three layer of the choroid

A

vessel layer–> choriocapillary layer–> Bruchs membrane

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16
Q

Three contact regions of ciliary body:

A

vitresous body, sclera, chamber

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17
Q

How does aquouse humor drain from anterior chamber?

A

via trabecular meshwork

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18
Q

Where is trabelcular meshwork located?

A

near the limbus

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19
Q

What is the anterior surface of eye made of? and how does it determine eye color?

A

vascular, loose CT

has melanocytes and the number and type will determine eye color

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20
Q

What makes up posterior surface of iris?

A

double layer of pigmented epi to absorb light

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21
Q

Where is the pupilary dialator located?

A

bwn vascular and pigmented layer of iris

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22
Q

What nerve system innervates pupillary dialator m?

A

Sympatheic

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23
Q

Myoepithelial cells make up:

A

dialator pupillae muscle

-RADIALLY arranged

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24
Q

Concentric smooth muscle bunds at inner aspect of iris make up:

A

sphincter pupillae m.

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25
Q

Innervation of sphincter pupillae

A

PNS vi oculomotor nerve

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26
Q

Aqueos humor is located:

A

anterior chamber

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27
Q

Anterior chamber located:

A

between lens and pupil

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28
Q

Anterior chamber is vascular/avascular

A

avascular

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29
Q

What part of eye is key for maintaining intraocular pressure?

A

anterior chamber

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30
Q

What is the order for aqueous flow?

A

ciliary processes–> posterior chamber–> anterior chamber–> trabecular meshwork–> Schlemms canal–> veins of sclera

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31
Q

If you have open angle but have glaucoma, what is cause?

A

Issues with reabsorption and developes slower over time

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32
Q

If you have closed angle of iris what kind of issues will you ahve?

A

acute and quick and very painful.

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33
Q

Clincal signs of glaucoma include: Pressure

A

Elevated pressure above 12-22 mmHG called tonometry

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34
Q

Clincal signs of glaucoma: with visual field

A

visual field defect and have a selective peripheral loss of sensitivity

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35
Q

Can an indiviual have normal vision and glaucoma?

A

yes, may have 20/20 but will have poor diagnostic field

36
Q

Why does glaucoma get caught late in the game?

A

because by the time people come in for glaucoma, 60% of ganglion are lost

37
Q

Cup to disc ration: what ratio is bad

A

higher cup to disc ratio is BAD

38
Q

Network of collagen finbers through which fibers thorugh which fibers of optic nerve exit the eye and are altered in glaucoma

A

Lamina crbrosa

39
Q

What is our secondary refractive structure in eye?

A

Lens

40
Q

Lens is avascular/vascular
Situtation with organelles?
high or low ECM

A

avascular
no organelles
low ECM

41
Q

What makes up body of lens

A

lens fibers with no organelles

42
Q

What is the ECM that surrounds the lens

A

Capsule

43
Q

makes up anterior surface of lens

A

epithelium

44
Q

What connects lens to ciliary body?

A

zonule fibers

45
Q

When lens is spherical it has weaker/same/stronger optical power

A

stronger

46
Q

Lens gets thinner when focused on:

and the ciliary muscles are:

A

distant objects

relaxed

47
Q

Lens gets thicker when focused on:

and the ciliary muscles are:

A

near objects

contracted

48
Q

When ciliary muscles contract it puts tension on:

This will thin out/thicken/ no change on lens

A

zonule fibers

thickens

49
Q

opacification of the lens as you age:

A

cataract

50
Q

cataract loacted in center of lens

A

nuclear cataracts

51
Q

cataract that affects the layer of lens surrounding nucleus

A

cortical cataract

52
Q

cataract found in back outer layer of lens and develop rapidly

A

posterior cataract

53
Q

Acellular with type 2 collagen and hyaluronic acid

A

Vitreous body

54
Q

provides nutrients to eye, is transparent and avascular

A

vitreous body

55
Q

Located in neural region of retina and is for high aquity

A

fovea

56
Q

What happens to nueral elements in retina as we move anteriorly?

A

decline to single layer covering ciliary body

57
Q

What seperates retina from vitreous humor?

A

Inner limiting membrane–keeps retina packed in

58
Q

if you have a thick ganglion cell layer, where are you located in the eye?

A

more posteriorly and closer to fovea, decreaess as we move peripherally or anteriorly

59
Q

What are two clues on location of histology of location, central or peripheral, of eye?

A

The Gang Cell layer is thicker towards fovea

You do not and inner retinal layer at the fovea

60
Q

Photoreceptors(rods and cones)

a. Inner segments:

A

: organelles for protein synthesis and E production

61
Q

long- Slender outer segments.. numerous except at fovea

→very light sensitve

A

a. Rods:

62
Q

Cones:

A

conical outer segments w/ membrane discs. Less sensitive then rods and responsible for high acuity and color vision

63
Q

light sensitive

A

rods

64
Q

gives us high aquity

A

cones

65
Q

conical outer segments w/ membrane discs. Less sensitive then rods and responsible for high acuity and color vision

A

cones

66
Q

What corrects for eye aberrations

A

Adaptive optics

67
Q

Foveal pit devos after a thickening of

A

retina

68
Q

Site of incipient fovea is_______ all along

A

avascular

69
Q

After birth the cones get

A

better packed

70
Q

Simple, cuboidal melanin containing epithelium btwn neural retina and Bruchs membrane (BM)

A

Retinal pigmented epithelium

71
Q

Provides outer blood-retinal-barrier

A

RPE

72
Q

a. melanin absorbs scatterd light
b. Transports nutrients and ions btwn photoreceptors and choriocapilarris
c. Spatial buffering ofions in subretinal spaced.

A

RPE

73
Q

RPE will do what to the all trans retinal

A

reiosmerize them

74
Q

Responsible for outer segment renewal

A

RPE

75
Q

RPE secretes _______ for maintence and structual integrity of retina

A

GF

76
Q

outer seg phagocytosis occurs on________ schedule w/ peak of rod outer disc shedding at______ and peak of cone outer seg disc shedding at______

A

diurnal
dawn
dusk

77
Q

Blood supply: all branches in retina are from

A

ophthalmic artery

78
Q

70% via_____ artery system off the opthalmic→ anterior ciliary artery (cornea/ciliary body/iris) + Posterior ciliary artery (long—iris and ciliary body) (short—choroid)

A

ciliary

79
Q

30% of eye via_______ artery system off the opthalmic→ central retinal artery→ inner retina

A

retinal

80
Q

Fovea: blood from choroid thus short ciliary branches from _______

A

anterior ciliary artery`

81
Q

inherited disocer of melanin biosynthesis—see absent or reduced melanin pigment in eye and skin and hair
1:17,000

A

Albinism

82
Q

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA)— inheritance is

A

autosomal recessive

83
Q

a. OCA1A=

b. OCA11B =

A

no pigment anywhere

some d/t leaky mutation allowing residual enZ (tyrosinase)

84
Q

= X-linked and have normal skin and hair

A

Ocular Albinism (OA)

85
Q

Clinical symptoms of albinism

A

a. Iris transillumination
b. Macular translucency
c. Foveal hypoplasia
d. altered ipsi/contra impairs stero vision

86
Q

: flat membrane disc w/ photosensiteve visual pigmentation (opsin; structual and fnxional)

A

b. Outer segmets:

87
Q

: transort of pros to OS: 10 billion opsin mole/secon~myosin VIIa and Kinesin II are the motor neurosn that do this

A

c. Connecting cilium:

Med Neur 2 (12 decks)

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