1_kubernetes_fundamentals Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What is Kubernetes in its simplest form?
A
Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform designed to manage containerized applications in production at scale
2
Q
What is the primary purpose of Kubernetes?
A
Kubernetes automates the deployment
3
Q
What is the historical origin of Kubernetes?
A
Kubernetes was initially developed by Google as an internal project in 2014
4
Q
Who manages Kubernetes today?
A
Kubernetes is managed by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)
5
Q
What is a key concept borrowed from Google’s Borg system in Kubernetes?
A
The concept of Pods
6
Q
What is the difference between a container and a virtual machine (VM)?
A
A container is a lightweight unit sharing the host OS kernel
7
Q
What is a container image?
A
A container image is a self-contained
8
Q
What is a container registry?
A
A container registry is a centralized repository for storing and sharing container images
9
Q
What is a Dockerfile or Containerfile?
A
A Dockerfile or Containerfile is a text document with instructions to build a container image
10
Q
What is Docker Compose or Podman Compose?
A
Docker Compose or Podman Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container applications using a YAML file to configure services
11
Q
What is the difference between monolithic and microservices architectures?
A
Monolithic architecture is a single
12
Q
What is a key advantage of microservices over monoliths?
A
Microservices allow for independent scaling and deployment of specific components
13
Q
What is a major disadvantage of microservices architecture?
A
Microservices require more planning and can be complex to develop and manage due to dependency issues and the need for coordination between services.
14
Q
Why are containers well-suited for microservices?
A
Containers provide isolation and portability
15
Q
How does Kubernetes ensure high availability of applications?
A
Kubernetes replicates containers across multiple host machines
16
Q
What is the role of Kubernetes in deployment management?
A
Kubernetes automates container deployments and rollbacks across multiple machines with minimal disruption
17
Q
How does Kubernetes handle autoscaling?
A
Kubernetes supports both vertical scaling (allocating more resources to a container) and horizontal scaling (duplicating containers)
18
Q
What is the purpose of network policies in Kubernetes?
A
Network policies in Kubernetes define rules for pod communication
19
Q
How does Kubernetes manage stateful workloads?
A
Kubernetes uses Persistent Volumes (PVs) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) to provide persistent storage for stateful applications
20
Q
What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) in Kubernetes?
A
RBAC in Kubernetes defines user roles and service accounts to control access to resources
21
Q
How does Kubernetes manage resource allocation?
A
Kubernetes sets resource quotas
22
Q
What is KubeVirt and its purpose?
A
KubeVirt is a project that extends Kubernetes to manage virtual machines alongside containers using the Kubernetes API
23
Q
Why might Kubernetes not be the best solution for a project?
A
Kubernetes may not be ideal for non-containerized architectures or projects with very few microservices
24
Q
What problem does Kubernetes solve regarding container management at scale?
A
Kubernetes automates the management of large numbers of containers across multiple machines
25
How does Kubernetes interact with cloud providers for scaling?
Kubernetes uses a cluster autoscaler to interface with supported cloud providers
26
What is the relationship between Kubernetes and container engines like Docker?
Kubernetes does not replace container engines like Docker but works with them to orchestrate and manage containers across clusters of machines.
27
How did the shift to agile methodologies influence software development?
Agile methodologies like Scrum and DevOps broke down silos between teams
28
What is the difference between on-premises hosting and cloud computing?
On-premises hosting involves owning and managing physical servers
29
Why is cloud computing well-suited for scalability?
Cloud computing allows easy provisioning and de-provisioning of resources on demand
30
How does Kubernetes support DevOps practices?
Kubernetes supports DevOps by automating container management tasks
31
What is a practical application of Kubernetes in a real-world scenario?
Kubernetes is used by companies like Spotify to manage thousands of containerized microservices
32
How can Kubernetes be applied in an entrepreneurial context?
An entrepreneur could use Kubernetes to build a scalable SaaS platform
33
What is a step-by-step approach to deploying a new container version with Kubernetes?
1. Update the Dockerfile with the new version. 2. Build and push the new image to a registry. 3. Use a Kubernetes command like 'kubectl set image' to update the deployment across all machines
34
How would you deconstruct the problem of a container failing in production using first-principles thinking?
1. Identify the failure: A container stops responding. 2. Break down dependencies: Check network
35
What is an alternative reasoning path for choosing between monoliths and microservices?
Instead of focusing on team size
36
What is a challenging exam-style problem for Kubernetes deployment?
Design a Kubernetes deployment strategy for a microservice with zero downtime during updates
37
What is an advanced synthesis problem for Kubernetes and cloud computing?
Explain how Kubernetes cluster autoscaler integrates with a cloud provider like AWS to handle a sudden traffic spike. Include steps for node provisioning and potential trade-offs in cost versus performance.
38
How can an entrepreneur leverage Kubernetes for a startup idea in healthcare?
An entrepreneur could develop a telemedicine platform using Kubernetes to manage containerized microservices for patient data
39
What is a non-obvious link between Kubernetes and agile methodologies?
Kubernetes supports agile by enabling rapid
40
How does Kubernetes contrast with Docker Swarm in terms of scalability?
Kubernetes offers more robust scalability features like cluster autoscaler and horizontal pod autoscaling across multiple clusters
41
What is a hierarchical connection between containers
pods
42
What is a practical application of microservices in e-commerce using Kubernetes?
An e-commerce platform can use Kubernetes to manage microservices for inventory
43
How can first-principles thinking be applied to solve a Kubernetes networking issue?
1. Identify the issue: Pods cannot communicate. 2. Break down to basics: Check pod IP assignment and network overlay. 3. Challenge assumptions: Is the CNI plugin configured correctly? 4. Rebuild: Reconfigure network policies to allow specific traffic
44
What is an entrepreneurial idea using Kubernetes for education technology?
Create an EdTech platform with Kubernetes to host containerized learning modules
45
What is a reverse-engineering problem for Kubernetes high availability?
Given a Kubernetes cluster with 99.9% uptime
46
What is a hypothetical scenario for applying Kubernetes in disaster recovery?
Imagine a natural disaster disrupts a data center hosting a critical app. Design a Kubernetes strategy to redistribute workloads to another region
47
What is the trade-off between using Kubernetes for small versus large projects?
For small projects
48
How does Kubernetes facilitate consistency across development and production environments?
Kubernetes uses the same configuration manifests (e.g.
49
What is a systems-level interaction between Kubernetes and CI/CD pipelines?
Kubernetes integrates with CI/CD tools like Jenkins to automate container image builds
50
What is an A+ mastery problem for Kubernetes resource management?
Design a resource allocation strategy for a Kubernetes cluster hosting 50 microservices with varying CPU and memory needs. Specify quotas
51
What is the primary purpose of Kubernetes?
Kubernetes automates the deployment
52
What is the historical origin of Kubernetes?
Kubernetes was developed by Google in 2014 as an internal project
53
Who manages Kubernetes today?
Kubernetes is managed by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)
54
What concept from Google's Borg system is used in Kubernetes?
The concept of Pods
55
What is the difference between a container and a virtual machine (VM)?
A container is a lightweight unit sharing the host OS kernel
56
What is a container image?
A container image is a self-contained
57
What is a container registry?
A container registry is a centralized repository for storing and sharing container images
58
What is a Dockerfile or Containerfile?
A Dockerfile or Containerfile is a text file with instructions to build a container image
59
What is Docker Compose or Podman Compose?
Docker Compose or Podman Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container applications using a YAML file for configuration.
60
What is the difference between monolithic and microservices architectures?
Monolithic architecture is a single codebase
61
What is a key advantage of microservices over monoliths?
Microservices allow independent scaling and deployment of components
62
What is a major disadvantage of microservices architecture?
Microservices require more planning and are complex to develop and manage due to dependency issues and coordination needs.
63
Why are containers well-suited for microservices?
Containers provide isolation and portability
64
How does Kubernetes ensure high availability?
Kubernetes replicates containers across multiple hosts
65
What role does Kubernetes play in deployment management?
Kubernetes automates container deployments and rollbacks across multiple machines with minimal disruption using rolling updates.
66
How does Kubernetes handle autoscaling?
Kubernetes supports vertical scaling (more resources to a container) and horizontal scaling (duplicating containers) based on demand to prevent outages.
67
What is the purpose of network policies in Kubernetes?
Network policies define rules for pod communication
68
How does Kubernetes manage stateful workloads?
Kubernetes uses Persistent Volumes (PVs) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) to provide persistent storage for stateful applications.
69
What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) in Kubernetes?
RBAC defines user roles and service accounts to control access to resources
70
How does Kubernetes manage resource allocation?
Kubernetes sets resource quotas
71
What is KubeVirt and its purpose?
KubeVirt extends Kubernetes to manage virtual machines alongside containers using the Kubernetes API
72
Why might Kubernetes not be the best solution for a project?
Kubernetes may not be ideal for non-containerized architectures or projects with few microservices
73
What problem does Kubernetes solve regarding container management?
Kubernetes automates managing large numbers of containers across multiple machines
74
How does Kubernetes interact with cloud providers for scaling?
Kubernetes uses a cluster autoscaler to launch new virtual machines on supported cloud providers when nodes are full.
75
What is the relationship between Kubernetes and container engines like Docker?
Kubernetes works with container engines like Docker to orchestrate and manage containers across clusters
76
How did agile methodologies influence software development?
Agile methodologies like Scrum and DevOps broke silos
77
What is the difference between on-premises hosting and cloud computing?
On-premises hosting involves owning physical servers
78
Why is cloud computing well-suited for scalability?
Cloud computing allows easy provisioning and de-provisioning of resources on demand
79
How does Kubernetes support DevOps practices?
Kubernetes automates container management
80
What is a real-world application of Kubernetes?
Spotify uses Kubernetes to manage thousands of containerized microservices
81
How can Kubernetes be applied entrepreneurially?
An entrepreneur can use Kubernetes to build a scalable SaaS platform
82
What are the steps to deploy a new container version with Kubernetes?
1. Update Dockerfile. 2. Build and push new image. 3. Use 'kubectl set image' to update deployment across machines with rolling updates.
83
How can first-principles thinking solve a container failure in production?
1. Identify failure. 2. Check dependencies (network
84
What is an alternative reasoning for choosing between monoliths and microservices?
Focus on future scalability needs: choose microservices for frequent updates and scaling
85
What is a challenging exam problem for Kubernetes deployment?
Design a zero-downtime deployment strategy for a microservice with 10
86
What is an advanced synthesis problem for Kubernetes and cloud computing?
Explain how Kubernetes cluster autoscaler integrates with AWS for traffic spikes
87
How can Kubernetes be used in a healthcare startup?
Develop a telemedicine platform using Kubernetes to manage microservices for patient data and video calls
88
What is a non-obvious link between Kubernetes and agile methodologies?
Kubernetes supports agile by enabling rapid
89
How does Kubernetes contrast with Docker Swarm for scalability?
Kubernetes offers robust scalability with cluster autoscaler and horizontal scaling
90
What is the hierarchical connection between containers
pods
91
What is a practical e-commerce application of microservices with Kubernetes?
An e-commerce platform can use Kubernetes to manage microservices for inventory and payment
92
How can first-principles thinking address a Kubernetes networking issue?
1. Identify issue (pods can't communicate). 2. Check IP assignment and overlay. 3. Challenge CNI plugin setup. 4. Reconfigure policies incrementally.
93
What is an entrepreneurial idea using Kubernetes in education technology?
Create an EdTech platform with Kubernetes to host learning modules and virtual classrooms
94
What is a reverse-engineering problem for Kubernetes high availability?
Given 99.9% uptime
95
What is a hypothetical disaster recovery scenario for Kubernetes?
Design a Kubernetes strategy to redistribute workloads to another region after a data center disaster
96
What is the trade-off of using Kubernetes for small versus large projects?
For small projects
97
How does Kubernetes ensure consistency across environments?
Kubernetes uses identical configuration manifests across development and production
98
What is a systems-level interaction between Kubernetes and CI/CD pipelines?
Kubernetes integrates with CI/CD tools like Jenkins to automate builds
99
What is an A+ mastery problem for Kubernetes resource management?
Design a resource allocation strategy for 50 microservices
100
What is the fundamental axiom behind container isolation in Kubernetes?
Containers in Kubernetes are isolated using Linux kernel features
101
What is a historical nuance in the development of Kubernetes?
Kubernetes
102
What is a key interdependency between pods and services in Kubernetes?
Pods are grouped containers with unique IPs
103
What is a trade-off between vertical and horizontal scaling in Kubernetes?
Vertical scaling increases resources per container but risks host limits
104
What is a hidden link between Kubernetes and cloud elasticity?
Kubernetes leverages cloud elasticity through cluster autoscaler
105
What is a step-by-step deconstruction of a Kubernetes deployment failure?
1. Identify failed deployment. 2. Check image availability. 3. Verify resource limits. 4. Review logs for errors. 5. Roll back if needed using Kubernetes history.
106
What is an alternative reasoning path for adopting Kubernetes in small teams?
Instead of scale
107
What is a practical application of Kubernetes in financial services?
A bank can use Kubernetes to manage microservices for transactions and fraud detection
108
What is an entrepreneurial idea for Kubernetes in logistics?
Develop a logistics tracking platform using Kubernetes to manage containerized services for shipment tracking and route optimization
109
What is an advanced exam problem for Kubernetes networking?
Design a network policy for a cluster with 100 pods to restrict traffic to specific services
110
What is a synthesis problem for Kubernetes and stateful applications?
Explain how PVs and PVCs enable a database microservice to maintain data persistence in Kubernetes
111
What is a reverse-engineering challenge for Kubernetes autoscaling?
Given a cluster scaled from 5 to 20 nodes during a traffic spike
112
What is a hypothetical scenario for Kubernetes in gaming?
Design a Kubernetes setup for a multiplayer game to handle sudden player surges
113
What is the fundamental principle behind Kubernetes’ high availability design?
Kubernetes ensures high availability by distributing workloads across nodes and automating recovery from failures.
114
What is a nuanced definition of a pod in Kubernetes?
A pod is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes
115
What is a key relationship between Kubernetes RBAC and security?
RBAC in Kubernetes enhances security by restricting access to resources based on defined roles
116
What is a contrast between Kubernetes and traditional server management?
Kubernetes automates container orchestration across clusters
117
What is a systems-level interaction between Kubernetes and monitoring tools?
Kubernetes integrates with monitoring tools like Prometheus via APIs to track pod health and resource usage for proactive management.
118
What is a step-by-step reasoning for setting up a Kubernetes cluster?
1. Choose infrastructure (cloud/on-prem). 2. Install Kubernetes components. 3. Configure control plane. 4. Join worker nodes. 5. Test cluster connectivity.
119
What is a challenging problem for Kubernetes disaster recovery?
Design a multi-region Kubernetes strategy to maintain 99.99% uptime during regional outages
120
What is a practical application of Kubernetes in retail?
A retail chain can use Kubernetes to manage microservices for online orders and inventory
121
What is an entrepreneurial idea for Kubernetes in environmental tech?
Build a platform using Kubernetes to manage IoT data from environmental sensors as microservices
