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1a Flashcards

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1
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough carbs to…

A

release energy

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2
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough fats to

A

keep warm an release energy

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3
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough protein

A

for growth, cell repair and cell replacement

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4
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough fibre

A

to keep everything moving smoothly through your digestive system

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5
Q

in a balanced diet you need tiny amounts of various vitamins and mineral irons to

A

keep your skin, bones, blood and everything else generally healthy

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6
Q

what does malnourished mean

A

a person whose diet is badly out of place is said to be malnourished

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7
Q

what are the two main types of pathogen

A

bacteria and viruses

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8
Q

what is one property of bacteria

A

they are very small and so can reproduce rapidly inside your body

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9
Q

how do bacteria make you feel ill

A

they damage your cells and produce toxins

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10
Q

how small are bacteria compared to a cell

A

they are 1/100th the size of a body cell

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11
Q

how small are viruses compared to bacteria

A

viruses are 1/100th the size of bacteria

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12
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill

A

they replicate themselves by invading your cells and using the cells machinery to produce many copies of themselves, the cell will then usually burst, releasing all of the new viruses, this cell damage is what makes you feel ill

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13
Q

what can white blood cells do when they find pathogens inside your body

A

consume them, produce antibodies ,produce antitoxins

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14
Q

how do white blood cells produce antibodies

A

every invading cell has unique molecules (called antigens) on its surface, when your white blood cells come across a foreign antigen, they will start to produce proteins called antibodies to lock on and kill the invading cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen, they wont lock onto any others. Antibodies are then produced rapidly and carried around the body to kill all similar bacteria or viruses, If the person is infected with the same pathogen again the person will be immune.

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15
Q

what does a vaccination do

A

it protects the body from future infections

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16
Q

describe what happens during a vaccination

A

vaccinations involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms. These carry antigens, which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them, even though the microorganism is harmless because it is dead. For example the MMR vaccine contains wakened versions of the viruses that cause measles, mumps and rubella all in one vaccine.

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17
Q

what do the white blood cells do when live microorganisms of the same type appear after a vaccination involving dead or inactive microorganisms

A

the white blood cells mass produce antibodies to kill off the pathogens

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18
Q

what are the pros of vaccinations

A

vaccines have helped control infectious diseases that were once common in the uk, epidemics can be prevented if a large amount of the population are vaccinated.

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19
Q

what are the cons of vaccinations

A

they don’t always work, you can sometimes have side effects and bad reactions

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20
Q

what do painkillers actually o

A

they jus help to reduce the symptoms

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21
Q

what do antibiotic (penicillin) do

A

antibiotics kill or prevent the growth of bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells.

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22
Q

why cant antibiotics destroy viruses

A

because viruses reproduce using your own body cells.

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23
Q

how can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

bacteria can mutate, sometimes making them resistant to the antibiotic. If you have an infection some of the bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics, this means that only the non resistant strands can be killed when treated. The resistant bacteria survives and reproduces (natural selection), the resistant strain could cause a serious infection which cant be treated.

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24
Q

explain how you can investigate antibiotics by growing microorganisms

A

microorganisms can be grown in a culture medium which is usually agar jelly which contains the necessary requirements for growth. The hot agar jelly is put in a petri dish until it cools, then inculcating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium, then the microorganisms multiply. paper disks are then soaked in different types of antibiotics and placed on the jelly, antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow around the discs but non resistant strains will die.

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25
why must equipment be sterilised
to prevent contamination and unwanted microorganisms to grow which can affect the outcome of an experiment.
26
how did semmelweis cut deaths down in hospital
by using antiseptic
27
why is antibiotic resistance becoming more common
because we overuse antibiotics allowing bacteria like MRSA to evolve and become resistant
28
what is a pandemic
when a disease spreads all over the world
29
what do sense organs do
they detect stimuli
30
what is a stimulus
a stimulus is a change in your environment which you need to react to e.g. a grizzly bear looking at you
31
what are the five different sense organs
eyes ears nose tongue skin
32
what is a receptor
a receptor is a group of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus, the change stimulus energy (e.g. light energy) into electrical impulses
33
why is the eye a sense organ
because it contains light receptors
34
why is the ear a sense organ
because it contains sound receptors
35
what type of receptors do the eyes contain
light receptors, sensitive to light. These cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane just like most animal cells
36
what type of receptors do the ears contain
sound receptors, sensitive to sound. Also balance receptors which are sensitive to changes in position
37
what type of receptors does the nose contain
smell receptors, sensitive to chemical stimuli
38
what type of receptors does the tongue contain
taste receptors, sensitive to bitter, salt, sweet and sour plus the taste of savoury things like monosodium glutamate (MSG), chemical stimuli
39
what is the skin sensitive to
sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temp change
40
what are sensory neurones
they are nerve cells that carry signals as electrical impulses from the receptors in the sense organs to the central nervous system
41
what are relay neurones
they are nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurons to motor neurons
42
what are motor neurones
they are the nerve cells that carry signals from the central nervous system to the effector muscles/glands
43
what are effectors
muscles and glands are known as effectors, they respond in different ways. Muscles contract in response to a nervous impulse, whereas glands secrete hormones.
44
what is the central nervous system
the (CNS) is where all the information from the sense organs s sent, and where reflexes and actions are coordinated. The (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord only
45
what are neurons
neurons are nerve cells that transmit the info as electrical impulses very quickly to and from the CNS
46
where is the information that goes to the effectors sent from
the CNS
47
what do synapses do
they connection between two neurons is called a synapse
48
how is the nerve signal transferred in a synapse
the nerve signal Is transferred by chemicals which diffuse (move) across the gap
49
what do the chemicals in a synapse do once transferring the nerve signal
the chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
50
give 2 examples of reflexes helping to prevent injury
if someone shines a bright light in your eyes, your pupils automatically get smaller so less light gets into the eye preventing the eye from being damaged, also when you get a shock your body releases the hormone adrenaline automatically, it doesn't wait for you to decide your shocked
51
what is a reflex arc
the passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector) is called a reflex arc
52
describe the reflex arc when stung by a bee
when a stimulus (a bee sting) is detected by a receptor impulses are sent along the sensory neurone to the CNS, when the impulse reaches the synapse between the sensory neurone and the relay neurone chemicals are released along the relay neurone, when the impulses reach a synapse between the relay neurone and the motor neurone more chemicals are released along the motor neurone, then the impulses travel along the motor neurone to the effector, then the muscle contracts moving the hand away from the bee.
53
what is the order of a reflex arc from stimulus to response
stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, relay neuron, motor neurone, effector, response.
54
what are hormones
they are chemical messengers which travel in the blood to active target cells
55
what does the pituitary gland produce
this produces many important hormones including FSH and LH which are involved in the menstrual cycle
56
what do the ovaries produce
ovaries produce oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle.
57
why are nerves different to hormones
nerves send a very fast message, act for a short time and act on a very precise area (fast, short, precise) whilst hormones carry a slower message, act for a long time and act in a more general way (slower, longer, general)
58
what is the menstrual cycle
the monthly release of an egg from a woman's ovaries, and the build up and breakdown of the protective lining in the uterus (womb) is called the menstrual cycle
59
what happens at all four stages of the menstrual cycle
stage 1: lining of the uterus breaks down(1-4) stage 2: lining of the uterus builds up(4-14) stage 3:egg released(14) stage 4:lining of the uterus breaks down(14-28)
60
what are the 3 main hormones involved n the menstrual cycle
FSH, oestrogen and LH
61
what does the hormone FSH do
it causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries, stimulates the ovaries to produce oestogen and is produced by the pituitary gland..
62
what does the hormone oestrogen do
it causes pituitary to produce LH, inhibits the furth release of FSH and is produced in the ovaries
63
what does the hormone LH do
it stimulates the release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle and is produced by the pituitary gland
64
what produces progesterone
the ovaries
65
how can oestrogen reduce fertility if it can also be used to stimulate the release of eggs
if taken on a daily basis the oestrogen levels will be high which prevents the production of FSH
66
how can progesterone reduce fertility
it stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching an egg
67
what does the combined oral contraceptive pill contain
high levels of oestrogen and progesterone
68
what are the pros of the contraception pill
it is 99% effective, reduces the risk of getting some types of cancer
69
what are the cons of the contraceptive
it isn't 100% effective, causes side effects like nausea, headaches, irregular menstrual bleeding and fluids retention, doesn't protect against STD's
70
how can hormones be used to increase fertility
the hormones FSH and LH can be injected into women to stimulate egg release in their ovaries
71
pros of injecting FSH and LH into a woman with low FSH levels
helps lots of women get pregnant when they couldn't previously
72
cons of injecting FSH and LH into a woman with low FSH levels
doesn't always work, too may eggs could be stimulated which could lead to e.g. triplets
73
what is IVF treatment
it is where eggs are collected from the woman's ovaries and fertilised in a lab growing into embryo's, then one or two embryo's are transferred to the woman's uterus to improve chance of pregnancy. (FSH and LH are given before collection to stimulate egg production)
74
what are the pros of IVF treatment
increased chance of pregnancy
75
what are the cons of IVF treatment
some women react badly to hormones, reports of increased chance of cancer, multiple birth can occur
76
what is auxin and what does it control
auxin is a plant growth hormone that controls growth near the tips, shoots and roots, it controls the growth of a plant in response to light (phototropism), gravity (gravitropism or geotropism) and moisture
77
where is auxin produced and which direction does it move towards
auxin is produced in the tips and moves backwards to stimulate the cell elongation (enlargement) process which occurs in the cells just behind the tips
78
explain why shoots grow towards light
when a shoots are exposed to light more auxin accumulates on that's in the shade, this makes the cells grow (elongate) faster on the shaded side bending the shoot to the light
79
explain why shoots grow away from gravity
when a shoot is growing sideways gravity produces an uneven distribution of auxin in the tip with more on the lower side allowing it bend upwards because the lower side will grow quicker
80
what happens to the roots if there is more auxin on the lower side of the plant
it grows downwards
81
which way do roots grow towards
the moisture
82
what is homeostasis
It is a process that maintains the stability of the human body's internal environment in response to changes in external conditions.
83
what 3 ways can water be lost from the body
through skin as sweat, via the lungs as breath and via the kidneys as urine
84
what ere the 3 main stages in drug testing
drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab, then they are tested on live animals, then they are tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
85
what is a placebo
a sugar pill that looks like the real one but isn't
86
what effects does smoking have ont he body
smoking causes disease of the lungs, heart and blood vessels, tobacco causes cancer, nicotine is the drug found in cigarettes, its addictive so its hard to stop smoking
87
what effects does alcohol have on the body
alcohol affects the nervous system and slows down the body's reactions, too much alcohol leads to impaired judgement, poor coordination and unconsciousness, it can damage the liver and the brain and is addictive

biology-core (2 decks)

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