1A

Question 1

What is the apex of the heart formed by?

Answer 1

Tip of left ventricle

Question 2

Where is the base of the heart, to or bottom?

Answer 2

Top

Question 3

The base of the heart is at approximately which costal cartilage level?

Answer 3

2nd costal cartilage

Question 4

What are the approximate dimensions of an adult heart?

Answer 4

5” X 3.5” X 2.5”

Question 5

Which is larger - the ventricles or the atria?

Answer 5

ventricles

Question 6

Where does the RV move blood?

Answer 6

Moves venous blood to the pulmonary circulation

Question 7

Where does the LV move blood?

Answer 7

Systemic circulation (everywhere except the lungs)

Question 8

Which chambers are located at the base of the heart?

Answer 8

Atria

Question 9

What separates the left and right atria?

Answer 9

Interatrial septum

Question 10

What is the name of the fossa in the interatrial septum?

Answer 10

Fossa ovalis

Question 11

What is it called when the foramen ovale fails to close?

Answer 11

Patent foramen ovale - an atrial septal defect

Question 12

What is an example of an atrial septal defect?

Answer 12

Patent foramen ovale

Question 13

Which chambers are located at the apex (bottom) of the heart?

Answer 13

ventricles

Question 14

What are the most common congenital cardiac abnormalities?

Answer 14

Ventricular septal defects - VSD

Question 15

What is one way of acquiring (vs congenital) a VSD?

Answer 15

After an MI - macrophage remodeling of dead heart tissue before scar formation

Question 16

Pressures in what areas must be overcome in order for ventricles to pump blood?

Answer 16

Aortic and pulmonary pressures

Question 17

About how much volume does each ventricle hold?

Answer 17

150mL

Question 18

How much volume does each ventricle normally eject?

Answer 18

About half its volume - 70-80mL

Question 19

What is end diastolic volume (EDV)?

Answer 19

The amount of volume each ventricle can hold

Question 20

What is stoke volume (SV)?

Answer 20

Amount of blood volume ejected with each ventricular contraction

Question 21

What is the ejection fraction?

Answer 21

SV/EDV x 100%

Question 22

What are the three tissue layers of the heart?

Answer 22

Endo-, myo, and epicardium

Question 23

What is the fourth layer that is not part of the heart wall?

Answer 23

Parietal pericardium or pericardium sac

Question 24

What does the endocardium line?

Answer 24

Inner chambers, valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles

Question 25

Which is the muscular layer of the heart?

Answer 25

myocardium

Question 26

Which layer of the heart is responsible for pumping action?

Answer 26

Myocardium

Question 27

Can myocardium undergo mitosis?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

Can myocardium undergo hypertrophy?

Answer 28

Yes, existing cells can grow bigger

Question 29

What is the shape of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 29

Fibers or cylinders

Question 30

What connects cardiac muscle cells together?

Answer 30

Intercalated disks

Question 31

What is another name for epicardium?

Answer 31

Visceral pericardium

Question 32

What does the epicardium include?

Answer 32

Blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, and epicardial fat

Question 33

What is the purpose of epicardial fat?

Answer 33

Serves as energy source

Question 34

What is too much epicardial fat indicative of?

Answer 34

Heart disease - indication of deposition of fat inside blood vessels

Question 35

What percentage of the heart is covered by epicardial fat?

Answer 35

60-80%

Question 36

What is the purpose of the fluid in the pericardial space?

Answer 36

Acts as a lubricant - preventing friction as heart beats and also dissipates heat

Question 37

What do AV valves separate?

Answer 37

Atria from ventricles

Question 38

What is the Right AV valve called?

Answer 38

Tricuspid valve

Question 39

What is the Left AV valve called?

Answer 39

Mitral valve

Question 40

Which AV valve is larger in diameter, yet thinner?

Answer 40

Tricuspid (Right)

Question 41

What are the cusps of AV valves attached to?

Answer 41

Chordae tendineae

Question 42

What opens the AV valves?

Answer 42

Pressure