Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 BIO > 1A: Circulatory System > Flashcards

1A: Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

why is water a polar molecule?

A

it has a slightly negative charge and a slightly positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are water molecules held together ?

A

hydrogen bonds hold the molecules together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does water cohesion mean?

A

water is attracted to other water molecules via H+ bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does water adhesion mean?

A

water molecules attracted to other surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what molecules can easily dissolve in water ??

A

polar / charged molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why does hydrophilic mean?

A

attracted to water (polar molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A

repelled by water (non-polar molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the benefit of many polar substances being able to readily dissolve in water?

A

it is easy for them to be transported around the body and in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why does water have a high heat capacity?

A

strong hydrogen bonds between the water molecules - more energy needed to break the bonds. Some of the energy supplied is used to break the bonds between the water molecules instead of to raise the temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is water potential?

A

the ability for water to move - from a high potential to a low potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how can you reduce water potential?

A

by adding solutes to the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is water a good solvent?

A

it’s a polar molecule therefore easily dissolvable- this aids in the transport of substances around the body/plants for respiratory purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is mass transport?

A

the bulk movement of gases or liquids in one direction , usually the light a system of vessels and tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a circulatory system?

A

a system in which substances are transported in a flowing fluid through vessels and tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed circulatory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is an open circulatory system?

A

where the blood is pumped by a heart into body cavities/tissues. This process relies on diffusion of substances from blood to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a closed circulatory system?

A

where the blood is enclosed within the blood vessels and it does not make direct contact with the tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is a double pump better than a singular one (pressure) ?

A

easier to maintain blood pressure (high) as more blood is being pumped at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is a double pump better than a singular one ( blood) ?

A

prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This results in the oxygen supply being highly efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is a double pump better than a singular one (metabolic rate)?

A

the substances can be transported around the body through the blood at a quicker rate- processes happen quicker therefore body processes happen at a more efficient rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the main features of a mass transport system? (4)

A
  • a system of vessels that follow a specific route
  • a way of making substances move in the right directions (waste out, nutrients in)
  • a means of moving materials quickly to meet organism needs
  • a transport medium (usually water as it carries dissolved substances)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the benefits of a mass transport system? (3)

A
  • helps to bring substances quickly from one exchange site to another
  • to maintain concentration gradients at exchange sites
  • to ensure effective cell activity (keeping waste products out and nutrients in)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a pulmonary circuit

A

circuit between the heart and the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a systematic circuit

A

a circuit between the heart and the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the benefit/purpose of elastic fibres in blood vessels?

A

they can stretch and recoil - providing vessel walls with flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the benefit/purpose of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

A

when contracting / relaxing - it changes the size of the lumen (affects blood flow/pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the benefit/ purpose of collagen in blood vessels ?

A

provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the function of arteries?

A

they carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the benefit of thick tough tissue in the arteries?

A

to withstand high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the benefit of elastic fibres in the arteries?

A

helps withstand the force of the blood as the lumen can stretch to maintain blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the benefit of smooth muscle in the arteries?

A

to make blood flow easier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the benefit of collagen in the arteries ?

A

to help the lumen stretch to adapt to blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

does the arteries have a narrow or wide lumen?

A

narrow lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the function of vein?

A

to carry blood away from body cells and to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

why do veins have less elastic fibres and muscle tissue in comparison to arteries?

A

veins carry blood at lower blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

does the vein have a narrow or wide lumen?

A

wide lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why do veins have less collagen, less elastic fibres, and less smooth muscle?

A

blood is being carried at a lower pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the function of valve?

A

to prevent the back flow of blood and to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

39
Q

name the three valves

A

• bicuspid valve
• tricuspid valve
• semi lunar valve

40
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

41
Q

where is the bicuspid valve located?

A

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

42
Q

where is the semi lunar valve located?

A

between the ventricles and the arteries and follow it (aorta/pulmonary artery)

43
Q

why are there larger veins aside large muscles?

A

to assist in squeezing the blood towards the heart each time the muscle contracts

44
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

the link blood vessels together to form a network. they are where exchange of substances between tissues take place

45
Q

why are capillaries one cell thick?

A

to increase rate of diffusion as it’s a short diffusion distance for substances

46
Q

why do capillaries have a narrow lumen?

A

to slow down the blood flow therefore the substances have enough time to exchange efficiently

47
Q

what are the four components of blood?

A

red blood cells, White blood cells, platelets and plasma

48
Q

what is function of blood?

A

to transport digested food products for use and/or storage
- also acts as a buffer to PH changes and helps to maintain body temp (thermoregulation)

49
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

50
Q

how is a red blood cell adapted to its function?

A

no nucleus + biconcave disc shape therefore they have a large surface area therefore they can carry more haemoglobin

51
Q

haemoglobin + oxygen ??

A

oxyhaemoglobin

52
Q

haemoglobin + CO2??

A

carbaminohaemoglobin

53
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can bind or haemoglobin?

A

4

54
Q

how is a steep concentration gradient maintained from oxygen in the lungs to the blood?

A

oxygen binds to haemoglobin, ensuring free oxygen in the cytoplasm remains low

55
Q

do the lungs have a high or low affinity for oxygen?

A

high affinity

56
Q

what does high affinity mean?

A

substance binds easily but dissociates slowly

57
Q

what does low affinity mean?

A

substance binds slowly but dissociates easily

58
Q

what is oxygen dissociation?

A

the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin

59
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the measure of oxygen concentration (PO2)

60
Q

what does an oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

the rate at which oxygen associates and dissociates with haemoglobin a certain PO2’s

61
Q

what happens to the haemoglobin as oxygen associates to it?

A

after the first oxygen binds, the haemoglobin changes shape so that more oxygen can bind rapidly

62
Q

how does haemoglobin changing shape affect the graphs shape?

A

the graphs line steepens (looks like an S)

63
Q

if the curve on the oxygen dissociating graph shifts to the left…

A

haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen therefore oxygen loads easier in the lungs. this means that there is less oxygen present

64
Q

if the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right…

A

haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen therefore oxygen unloads quicker . this means that there is more oxygen present

65
Q

where in CO2 within the body?

A

• plasma carries 5%
• 10-20% combines with haemoglobin
• rest of CO2 reacts with water in the blood

66
Q

CO2 + water …

A

carbonic acid

67
Q

what concerts CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid?

A

enzyme called carbonic anhydrase

68
Q

what happens once carbonic acid is formed?

A

it separates into H+ ions and hydrocarbonate ions which are held in the RBC’s cytoplasm

69
Q

what can lower your bloods oxygen affinity?

A

if your blood is too acidic

70
Q

what is the blood flow of the heart?

A

Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery, Lungs, Pulmonary Vien, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Aorta

71
Q

what is the importance of valves and the septum in the heart?

A

to prevent the back flow of blood and the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

72
Q

what is the tendinous cords?

A

to prevent the valves from turning inside out when high pressure of blood are exegetes by the ventricles

73
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

the events of a single heart beat

74
Q

what are the main steps in the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial systole , ventricular systole and diastole

75
Q

what is systole?

A

a contraction of the heart

76
Q

what is a diastole?

A

the relaxation of the heart

77
Q

what happens during a diastole?

A

the atria and ventricles relax as the the atria’s fill with blood. Semi lunar valve closes and the AV valve opens

78
Q

what happens during the atrial systole?

A

blood is forced into the ventricles as the atria contracts and the AV valve closes to prevent the back flow of blood back into the atria

79
Q

what happens during a ventricular systole?

A

the semi lunar valve opens as blood is pushed up the arteries due to the ventricle contracting

80
Q

what is the pressure during atrial systole? Why?

A

the pressure is high as the muscle is contracting , filling with blood and valves are opening and closing.
After the blood has left the atria, pressure reduces

81
Q

what is the pressure during ventricular systole?

A

high as the muscle is contracting, filling with blood and valves are opening and closing.
Once blood has left the ventricles pressure reduces

82
Q

what is the pressure during a diastole?

A

overall heart pressure is low but the pressure in the aorta is high bc blood had been pumped into it

83
Q

why is there a tiny delay between AS and VS?

A

it allows the atria to relax before the ventricle contracts

84
Q

why is the heart myogenic?

A

it initiates it’s own contractions (no conscious effort involved)

85
Q

what nodes are involved in the cardiac cycle?

A

sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN)

86
Q

what is the rhythm of the heart? (SAN + AVN)

A

• the SAN sends an electrical excitation wave
• the atria contracts, forcing blood through the AV valve
• after a short delay, a AVN sends out a wave of excitation
• the bundle of his (a bundle of tissues) transfers the electrical impulses down the septum
• the impulses are conducted via the purkynje fibres
• the ventricles contract from the back upwards which forces blood out the heart

87
Q

how do you calculate stroke volume?

A

cardiac Output X Heart Rate

88
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood that’s ejected by the left ventricle in one cycle

89
Q

what is cardiac output ?

A

the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

90
Q

how does CO2 concentration affect haemoglobin?

A

the acid changes the shape of it and lowers its affinity for oxygen

91
Q

in the cardiac cycle, when is blood pressure highest

A

during systole

92
Q

what is hypertension

A

when blood pressure is over 140Hg

93
Q

what is the issue with hypertension

A

if blood pressure if over 140Hg for log periods of time, it can damage the artery lining leading to atheroscolosis

94
Q

what is a sphygmomanometer

A

a blood pressure moniter machine

Y1 BIO (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions