1.a. Diseases can be classified and their patterns mapped. The spread of diseases is complex and influenced by a number of factors.

Question 1

• How diseases can be classified, including infectious and non-infectious, communicable and noncommunicable, contagious and non-contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic

Answer 1

They mean the same thisng:
Anything which is spread through pathogens, bacteria, viruses, transmitted from person to person somehow

Question 2

• How diseases can be classified, including infectious and non-infectious, communicable and noncommunicable, contagious and non-contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic

Answer 2

They mean the same thing:
cannot be transmitted - usually genetic or lifestyle related

Question 3

• How diseases can be classified, including infectious and non-infectious, communicable and noncommunicable, contagious and non-contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic

Answer 3

easily spread infectious diseases

Question 4

• How diseases can be classified, including infectious and non-infectious, communicable and noncommunicable, contagious and non-contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic

Answer 4

not communicable by direct or indirect contact

Question 5

• How diseases can be classified, including infectious and non-infectious, communicable and noncommunicable, contagious and non-contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic

Answer 5

An outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities

Question 6

• How diseases can be classified, including infectious and non-infectious, communicable and noncommunicable, contagious and non-contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic

Answer 6

A disease that exists perminantly in a particular region or population eg malaria in some parts of Africa

Question 7

• How diseases can be classified, including infectious and non-infectious, communicable and noncommunicable, contagious and non-contagious, epidemic, endemic and pandemic

Answer 7

When an epidemic spreads throughout the world eg AIDS or Covid-19

Question 8

Patterns of diseases, including global distributions of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease

Distribution + factors influencing

Answer 8

Distrobution:
- Present in LIDCs
- cases per 100k by country - Africa has the highest levels especially southern/central ( >=25000 - Guinea and Liberia)
- Malaria death rate is highest in central Africa in Chad and Central African Republic

Human:
- less access to healthcare eg Vaccines
- less education
- densly populated
- less sanitation
- less doctors

Physical:
- Temperstures - hotter = environment prone for mosquitoes as the rainy seasons means stagnant water for breeding
- near the equator
- humidity

Question 9

Patterns of diseases, including global distributions of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease

Trends and why?

Answer 9

Distribution:
- Really high rates in southern Africa/Eastern Africa

Why?
- less healthcare/medications
- lack of education on how its spread - bodily fluid transmission - unprotected sex + sharing needles
- Cultural factors - gay men and drug users = neg attitudes, religion forbidding contreception, prostitution
- percieved as own fault = wast focused on as treating diseaese - HIV destroys immune system discovered in 1980

Question 10

Patterns of diseases, including global distributions of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease

Trends and why?

Answer 10

Trends:
- More prevelant in cental, west and southern Africa
- very closely linked to trends of HIV

Why:
- ACs have vaccines to eradicate
- Healthcare/development less
- Sanitisation and education less
- Contagious disease v serious but can be cured with proper treatment = why western is less impacted
- Rural Africa have poor lungs due to combusion of fuel wood/ dirty ‘kerosene’

Question 11

Patterns of diseases, including global distributions of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, **diabetes **and cardio-vascular disease

Trends and Why?

Answer 11

Trends:
* More prevalent in Saudi Arabia, mexico, maylasia,
* cental america
* MENA - middle east and north africa

Why:
* Less education
* The highest prevalence of diabetes overall is anticipated to occur in the Middle East and North Africa due to rapid economic development, urbanisation and changes in lifestyle patterns in the region
* In EDC/ACs unhealthy lifestyle is cheaper
* In Acs (quality healthcare) gov try to control people through sugar tax/education into healthy lifestyles but EDC cannot implement these
* Lifestyle choices eg USA - higher icome = more access to processed food, sugar, fatty foods
* physical factor - hot climate discourages exercise and shapes cultural attitudes

Question 12

Patterns of diseases, including global distributions of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease

Answer 12

Trends:
- Higher in Russia, Madagascar, Mongolia, Kazakhstan
- Lower deaths in HICs like UK, Canada, Austrailia (better access to development/healthcare)
- EDCs have high rates
- ACs have high cases but less NCD deaths
- LICDs have low rates on NCDs

Why:
- EDC mostly deal with ID = they can live long enough to develop NCDs. They have more pollution, industrialisation but this lifestyle impacts their hearts/lungs and their healthcare, education on this has not caught up = more deaths
- ACs - people get CVDs but healthcare reduces the death rates
- LIDCs - infecious diseases dominate and most people dont live long enough to develop CVD + theres less access to smoking/fatty sugary diets

Question 13

• Disease diffusion and spread to new areas (Hagerstrand model), including the phases of diffusion, physical and socio-economic barriers

Draw the model and expain it

Answer 13

Explanation:
- initial slow spread - few have the disease
- expenential growth as lots spread it - R>1
- begins to level off as more info/eductaion or pop builds immunity

4 stages:
1) Primary Stage - outbreak slow as it spreads from 1 fixed point
2) Expansion Stage - rapid growth occurs due to contagious diffusion of population
3) Conslensation Stage - disease spread slows as populations become immune/already affected/barriers to diffusion take over
4) Saturation Stage - disease spread stops

Question 14

• Disease diffusion and spread to new areas (Hagerstrand model - neighbourhood effect), including the phases of diffusion, physical and socio-economic barriers

Answer 14

those in closer proximity to carriers have an increased probability of contracting disease

Question 15

• Disease diffusion and spread to new areas (Hagerstrand model), including the phases of diffusion, physical and socio-economic barriers

4 types of disease diffusion

Answer 15

Expansion Diffusion - A disease has a source and spreads outwards into new areas while carriers in the source area remain infected eg TB

Relocation Diffusion - When a disease leaves an area or origin and moves into new areas eg Cholera epidemic in Haiti

Hierarchical Diffusion - Disease spreads through an ordered sequence of places, usually from the largest centres with the highest connectivity to smaller more isolated centres

Contagious Diffusion - Describes the spread of disease through direct contact with a carrier and is strongly influenced by distance eg Ebola in West Africa

Question 16

• Disease diffusion and spread to new areas (Hagerstrand model), including the phases of diffusion, physical and socio-economic barriers

Answer 16

Physical:
- Distance
- Climate:
1. temperature - cold temps = everyone inside so germs spread easily eg Flu in UK, cold also kills diseases eg in high moutains
2. dry weather - eg malaria - and sleeping sickness, Cholera - lack of stagnant dirty water to breed mosquitos/transmit diseases
- Physical obsticles eg mountains/waters/islands/isolation - rural LIDCs, rainforests

Socio-economic:
- Medical barriers eg face masks, vaccines
- Education eg HIV prevention taught in schools
- quarantines eg western aid workers infected with ebola on retun from west africa = reduce risk of ebola in UK