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AQA Science, Biology > 1a- Human Biology > Flashcards

1a- Human Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What do carbohydrates release?

A

Energy

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2
Q

What do fats help with?

A

Keeping warm

Releasing energy

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3
Q

What does protein help with?

A

Growth
Cell repair
Cell replacement

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4
Q

What does fibre help with?

A

Keeps everything running smoothly through the digestive system

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5
Q

Vitamins and mineral ions keep what parts of the body healthy?

A

Skin, bones, blood etc

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6
Q

Bacteria are … cells which can … inside the body

A

Very small

Reproduce rapidly

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7
Q

Bacteria makes you feel ill by.. (2)

A

a) Damaging your cells

b) Producing toxins

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8
Q

What are the 2 main types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria and viruses

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9
Q

Viruses are not cells, they … cells instead.

A

Invade

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10
Q

Viruses use the cells’ machinery to produce.. of themselves and the cells .. which releases the new viruses.

A

Copies

Burst

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11
Q

What helps blood to clot quickly to seal wounds?

A

Platelets

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12
Q

What are the 3 ways white blood cells attack invading microbes?

A

Consuming/engulfing and digesting them

Producing antibodies

Producing antitoxins (counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria)

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13
Q

How do white blood cells produce antibodies?

A

1) Invading cells has antigens on the surface.
2) White blood cells detect foreign antigen and produce antibodies (specific to that antigen) to lock onto and kill invading cells.
3) Antibodies are produced rapidly and travel around to body to kill similar bacteria/viruses.
4) The person is immune to that pathogen because the antibodies can immediately be produces to kill the pathogen.

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14
Q

Vaccinations involve..

A

Injecting small amounts or dead/inactive micro-organisms which carry antigens.

The body produces antibodies to attack them.

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15
Q

What’s the order of nerves when they detect a stimulus? (6)

A 
(Some Rude Songs Cause Men's Ears Ripping)
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Central nervous system
Motor neuron
Effector
Response
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16
Q

The central nervous system is made up of..

A

The brain and spinal chord

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17
Q

How is the information transmitted?

A

Through neurons as electrical impulses

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18
Q

What is the connection between two neurones called?

A

The synapse

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19
Q

In synapses, how is the nerve signal transferred across the gap?

A

Chemicals diffuse across the gap, which sets off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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20
Q

Hormones are carried in the…

A

Blood plasma

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21
Q

What’s the definition of hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells

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22
Q

What hormones does the Pituitary Gland produce? (2)

A

FSH and LH

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23
Q

What hormone do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen

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24
Q

What does FSH cause and what does it stimulate?

A

FSH causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

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25
Q

What does Oestrogen cause and what does it prevent?

A

Oestrogen causes pituitary to produce LH and prevents further release of FSH

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26
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

LH stimulates the release of an egg (around the middle of the menstrual cycle)

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27
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

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28
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising Hormone

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29
Q

Which hormone can be used as contraception and how?

A

If Oestrogen is taken every day, it prevents production of FSH (so egg development and production stop)

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30
Q

Which hormone reduces fertility and how?

A

Progesterone starts the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm from getting through and fertilising an egg.

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31
Q

What hormones does the pill contain?

A

High levels of oestrogen and progesterone

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32
Q

What hormones can be injected to stimulate egg release in the ovaries?

A

FSH and LH

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33
Q

What is the name of a plant growth hormone?

A

Auxin

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34
Q

Where is Auxin produced and what does it stimulate?

A

Auxin is produced in the tips and moves backwards to stimulate cell elongation (in the cells just behind the tips)

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35
Q

When affected by Auxin, plants grow in the directions of…

A
  • towards light
  • shoots grow away from gravity
  • roots grow towards gravity
  • roots grow towards moisture
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36
Q

What are the 4 bodily levels which need to be controlled?

A

Ion content
Water content
Sugar content
Temperature

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37
Q

What is ion content regulated by?

A

Kidneys

38
Q

Ions are taken into the body by … then absorbed into the …

A

Food

Blood

39
Q

Ions are lost in … and excess removed by the kidneys through …

A

Sweat

Urine

40
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A

Through skin as sweat
Via the lungs in breath
Via the kidneys urine

41
Q

What is the temperature that the enzymes within the human body work best at?

A

37 degrees Celsius.

42
Q

What do foods containing carbohydrate put into the blood?

A

Glucose

43
Q

What hormone helps to maintain the right level of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin

44
Q

Performance enhancing drugs taken by athletes include.

A 
Anabolic steroids (increase muscle size)
Stimulants (increase heart rate)
45
Q

What are the disadvantages to performance enhancing drugs?

A
  • They’re unfair if people gain an advantage through the drugs instead of training
  • Athletes may not be informed of the health risks of the drugs
46
Q

What are the advantages to performance enhancing drugs?

A
  • Athletes have the right to make their own decision about taking the drugs
  • Drug free sport isn’t fair anyway (difference training facilities, coaches, equipment etc)
47
Q

What does Statins lower?

A

Blood cholesterol and the risk of heart and circulatory disease.

48
Q

What are the main stages in Drug Testing?

A

1) Human cells and tissues in the lab
2) Live animals (see whether it works, toxicity and dosage)
3) Tested on Human Volunteers in a clinical trial
- low dose gradually increased on healthy volunteers
- tested on people suffering from the illness
- optimum dose is found
- a placebo is tested (often with double-blind trials)

49
Q

Thalidomide was intended as a … pill and was found to be effective in relieving …

A

Sleeping pill

Morning sickness

50
Q

Thalidomide hadn’t been tested as a drug for morning sickness so it wasn’t known it could pass through the … and affect the … causing …

A

placenta
fetus
abnormal limb development

51
Q

Smoking causes disease of the …

A

heart, blood vessels and lungs

52
Q

What is the drug found in cigarettes?

A

Nicotine

53
Q

Excessive alcohol can cause..

A

Impaired judgement, poor coordination and unconsciousness

Liver disease and brain damage

54
Q

How have desert animal adapted to save water and keep cool?

A
  • large surface area compared to volume
  • efficient with water (small amounts of concentrated urine and little sweat)
  • thin layers of body fat and a thin coat
  • camoflage
55
Q

How have arctic animals adapted to reduce heat loss?

A
  • small surface area compared to volume
  • well insulated (thick layer of blubber, thick hair coats, greasy fur)
  • camoflage
56
Q

How have desert plants adapted to having little water?

A
  • small surface area to volume (spines instead of leaves reduce water loss)
  • water storage tissues (e.g. cactus stores water in the thick stem)
  • maximising water absorption (extensive/deep roots to access underground water)
57
Q

How are plants and animals adapted to deter predators?

A
  • armour (thorns/spines/shells)
  • poisons
  • warning colours to scare of predators
58
Q

How are some microorganisms adapted?

A

Extremophiles- adapted to live in extreme conditions (hot volcanic vents/ salty lakes/ high pressure)

59
Q

What do plants compete for?

A

Light, space, water, minerals

60
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Territory, food, water, mates

61
Q

Environmental living factors include..

A
  • infectious diseases
  • number of predators
  • number of prey/ availability of food source
  • number/types of competitors
62
Q

Environmental non-living factors include..

A
  • temperature
  • rainfall
  • air or water pollution
63
Q

What living indicators can be studied to see the effect of human activities?

A

Indicator species

  • lichen (sensitive to conc of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere, gives an idea of level of pollution, more lichen=cleaner)
  • invertebrate animals for water pollution e.g. mayfly larvae (sensitive to conc of dissolved oxygen in the water)
64
Q

What non-living indicators can be studied to see environmental change?

A
  • satellites (temp of sea surface, amount of snow+ice cover)
  • automatic weather stations (sensitive thermometers show atmospheric temperature)
  • rain gauges (measure average rainfall)
  • dissolved oxygen meters (conc of dissolved oxygen in water show level of water pollution)
65
Q

How is most energy lost through the levels of biomass?

A

Lost to the surroundings through heat

66
Q

What elements can plants take from the soil or the air?

What do they turn the elements into?

A 
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
Complex compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, fats)
67
Q

What are the steps of the carbon cycle?

A
  • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is removed from atmosphere by green plants/algae and they use it to make carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
  • Some Carbon returns to atmosphere as CO2 when plants/algae and animals respire.
  • Some Carbon becomes fats and proteins in animals and moves through the food chain when plants/algae are eaten.
  • Dead organisms are eaten by decomposers and Carbon is returned to atmosphere as CO2.
  • Some useful plants and animals products are burnt, releasing CO2.
68
Q

What are the genes passed on in?

A

The sex cells- gametes (e.g. egg and sperm cell in animals?

69
Q

Where is the genetic material stored and in what form?

A

The nucleus in the form of chromosomes

70
Q

How many chromosomes are contained in each gamete?

A

23

71
Q

Biggest to smallest carrying genetic information?

A 
(Never Count Genetic Diseases)
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Genes
DNA
72
Q

What are the different versions of the same gene called?

A

Alleles

73
Q

How does asexual reproduction work?

A

There’s only 1 parent (no fusion of gametes, no mixing of chromosomes, no genetic variation)
- offspring are clones of the parents

74
Q

What pair of chromosomes do females carry?

A

XX

75
Q

What pair of chromosomes do males carry?

A

XY

76
Q

How can plants be cloned?

A

Cuttings and tissue culture

77
Q

How does tissue culture work?

A

A few plants put in a growth medium with hormones are grow into clones of the parents plant.

78
Q

How can animals be cloned?

A

Embryo transplants or adult cell cloning

79
Q

How do embryo transplants work? (for animals)

A

Sperm and egg cells taken from the male and female and the egg is artificially fertilised. The embryo is split many times to form clones, which can be implanted into other animals and born (all genetically identical).

80
Q

How does adult cell cloning work? (in animals)

A

An unfertilised egg cell is taken and the genetic material is removed (the nucleus). A complete set of chromosomes from an adult body cell is inserted into the ‘empty’ egg cell’. Egg cell is simulated by an electric shock so it divides. When embryo turns into a ball of cells, it’s implanted into an adult female to grow into a clone of the original adult body cell.

81
Q

What are the issues surrounding cloning?

A
  • reduced gene pool- fewer different alleles in a population, no allele which could give resistance to a disease
  • cloned animals may not be as healthy as normal ones
  • could result in humans being cloned
82
Q

What are the benefits of cloning?

A
  • quickly gets “ideal” offspring
  • could lead to greater understanding of embryo development and aging disorders
  • could preserve endangered species
83
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A
  • useful gene is “cut” from the organism’s chromosome using enzymes
  • enzymes are used to cut another organisms chromosome and insert the useful gene
84
Q

What are the advantages of Genetically Modified crops?

A
  • makes more food
  • could be engineered to contain vital nutrients (in developing nations)
  • being grown elsewhere in the world without problems
85
Q

What are the disadvantages of Genetically Modified crops?

A
  • could reduce farmland biodiversity
  • may not be safe
  • transplanted genes could get into the natural environment
86
Q

Who came up with the idea of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

87
Q

What idea did Charles Darwin come up with?

A

Natural selection-

  • individuals show variation because of different genes
  • certain characteristics make them better adapted with a better chance of survival so more likely to breed successfully
  • genes responsible for useful characteristics are more likely to be passed on
88
Q

Evolution can occur due to..

A

Mutations

89
Q

Why was Darwin’s idea controversial at the time?

A

1- went against religious beliefs of Earth developing
2- Darwin couldn’t give a good explanation for why the useful characteristic appeared or how they were passed onto offspring
3- wasn’t enough evidence to convince scientists

90
Q

Other than Darwin, who also had a scientific hypothesis about evolution around that time?

A

Lamarck

91
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

If a characteristic is used a lot by an organism it becomes more developed during its lifetime. The acquired characteristics become passed onto the next generation.

AQA Science, Biology (4 decks)

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