Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

musculoskeletal and rheumatology > 1a injury and healing p1 > Flashcards

1a injury and healing p1 Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 3 components of the MSK system?

A

bone, muscle, connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 components of connective tissue?

A

tendon, ligaments and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a joint?

A

a junction between 2 or more separate bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 parts of the human skeleton?

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the the axial skeleton?

A

forms the main part of body e.g cranium, vertebral column + rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones which attach to axial skeleton e.g upper and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the major functions of bones?

A

support
protection of vital organs
movement
mineral storage (calcium)
produces blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 ways that bones can develop?

A

Intramembranous or endochondrial ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which development do flat bones use?

A

intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are mesenchymal cells?

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which development does long bones use?

A

endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain the process of intramembranous ossification?

A

1.mesenchymal cells ->osteoblasts
2.osteoblasts spread out -> ossification centrea
3.osteoblasts secrete osteiod
4.osteoid gets calcified -> stronger, trapping osteoblasts in the matrix
5. osteoblasts now called osteocytes
6. Forms trabecular matrix
7. osteoblasts present on surface form periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain the process of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. mesenchymal cells -> chondrocytes which produce cartilage
  2. blood vessels on edge of cartilage bring osteoblasts that deposit -> forms bony collar
  3. osteoclasts degrade hyaline cartilage at the centre
  4. This allows blood vessels to penetrate inside and deposit bone on inside -> primary ossification centre
  5. secondary ossification centre forms at edges of boens
  6. Hyaline cartilage still remains at edges of bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the main aim of endochonral ossification?

A

for bones to grow in length and thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what 2 things are bones made up of?

A

bone + matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 4 different types of bone cells?

A
  1. osteogenic
  2. osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are osteogenic cells?

A

bone stem cells which can differentiate into anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

form bone
secrete osteoid
cataylses the mineralisation of osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

break bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where can you find osteogenic cells?

A

in deep layers of periosteum (bone capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

A

fibrous and cellular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where are osteoblasts found?

A

in growing parts of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 2 major components of bone matrix

A

organic and inorganic components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the organic components of bone matrix?
type 1 collagen + ground substance
26
what is ground substance?
proteoglycans, glycoproteins, cytokines, GFs
27
what is the inorganic component of the bone matrix? (2)
calcium hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium phosphate
28
what are the 2 major different bone types?:
immature bone mature bone
29
what is immature bone?
soft bone, is the first bone that is put down, so is relatively weak. forms into mature bone when mineralised
30
what is mature bone?
mineralised woven bone, is much stronger than immature bone
31
what are the 2 main types of mature bone?
1. Cortical/compact bone 2. cancellous bone
32
what is cancellous bone?
spongy bone, honeycomb like structure
33
where is cortical/compact bone in this diagram?
34
what are the structural units called in compact/cortical bone?
osteons
35
what do the osteons form in compact bone?
lamellae
36
what is the Haversian canal?
found in bones and contains, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
37
what are lacunae?
small spaces in compact bone where cells sit
38
what is this?
periosteum
39
what is this?
outer cortex- compact bones
40
what is this?
medullary cavity
41
what is this?
nutrient artery
42
what is this?
articular cartilage
43
what region of the bone is this?
diaphysis
44
what region of the bone is this?
metaphysis
45
what region of the bone is this?
physis
46
what region of the bone is this?
epiphysis
47
what is interstitial bone growth?
when bone grows in length
48
what is appositional bone growth?
when bone grows in width
49
how does interstitial growth work?
happens at the growth plates found at the physics (edge of bone) in epiphyseal side, cartilage continues to grow in diaphysial side, cartilage dies and is replaced with bone overall, increases length of bone
50
how does appositional bone growth work?
ridges in periosteum creates grooves which allows blood vessels to enter allowing more cells (osteoblasts) to be laid down
51
a lady falls over and breaks her hip. what type of fracture is this?
traumatic, low energy fracture
52
a guy is in a motorcycle accident and breaks his leg. what type of fracture is this?
traumatic, high energy fracture
53
what are the 3 mechanisms of fractures?
1. trauma 2. Stress 3. Pathological
54
give some examples of pathological causes of bone fractures?
osteoporosis cancers vit d deficiency OI pagets
55
how can stress lead to fractures?
overuse of bones => increased stress exerted on bones =. bone weakening => stress fracture
56
what is the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?
osteoclast activity> osteoblast activity
57
what is the difference between osteoporosis and osteopenia?
osteopenia - your levels are only 1-2.5 Standard deviations form the normal range osteoporosis - levels are >2.5
58
which groups of people are more likely to get osteoporosis?
women + old people
59
why is osteoporosis more common in women?
as oestrogen usually protects them, but post-menopause, you no longer secrete it so get weaker boens
60
what causes OI (osteogenesis Imperfecta)
genetic condition when you get decreased type 1 collagen
61
what is a key sign of certain types of OI?
blueish scleras
62
what is pagets disease?
when you get excessive bone breakdown, leading to excessive remodelling of bone-> deformed bones
63
what are blastic tumours?
make bone thicker
64
what are lytic tumours?
make holes in bones
65
what are the 4 overall steps of fracture healing and the types of cells involved?
1. bleeding -blood 2. inflammation - neutrophils/macropahges 2. repair - blast cells e.g fibroblasts 3. Remodelling - osteoclasts/blasts
66
Explain fracture healing?
1. bone breaks 2. Haematoma forms, which release cytokines 3. get soft callus formation (type 2 collagen- cartilage) 4. soft callus converted into hard callus = bone 5. excess bone is removed
67
what are the 2 types of bone healing?
1. primary bone healing 2. secondary bone healing
68
how long does it take for bones to heal?
3-12 weeks
69
What is Wolff's law?
Bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are placed on i
70
What is primary bone healing?
- Intramembranous healing - Mesenchymal stem cell goes straight to osteoblast and there's direct formation of woven bone - Happens when you have a stable fracture and ends of bone are really close together
71
What is secondary bone healing?
- Endochondral healing - Results in more callus forming - Involves responses in the periosteum and external soft tissues - Occurs when you have a relatively stable fracture - Mesenchymal stem cell goes to chondral precursor which produces bone cells
72
What are the main principles of fracture management?
- Reduction- bring fracture ends together - Hold- the ends in the right position with metal or no metal - Rehabilitate- once bone has healed, limb will still be weak- needs rehabilitation
73
What is closed reduction?
- Pulling bones back together without opening skin - use hands to maneovoer bone pieces back into position - used for less severe bone fractures - Can be through traction of skin or skeletal (pins in bone)- wrapping bandage around leg/putting pin in bone and attaching weight to other end to realign bones
74
What is open reduction?
- Mini-incision - Full exposure - These are again to realign the bones essentially, undergo a surgery to reallign bones
75
What are the different ways of holding a fracture?
- Fixation - Plaster- closed - Traction (skin or skeletal)- closed
76
what is traction?
basc when you use pulleys to help heal bones
77
what are the 2 types of traction?
1. skin 2. skeletal
78
what is bone fixation?
when you put some type of metal near bone to help hold the bone in plae
79
what is bone fixation?
when you put some type of metal near bone to help hold the bone in place
80
what are the 2 main ways of fixating a fracture?
1. internally (through the bone) 2. externally (on top of skin)
81
what are the 2 ways of internally fixating a bone?
1. intramedullary (through the bone) - uses pins and nails 2. extramedullary (outside bone)- uses plates, pins and screws
82
what type of fixation does this image show?
extramedullary internal fixation
83
what type of fixation does this image show?
intramedullary internal fixation
84
what are the 2 main types of external fixation?
1. monoplanar 2. mulitplanar
85
what is monoplanar external fixation?
the pins are connected by a single rod in a plane
86
what type of fixation is this?
monoplanar external fixation
87
what is multiplanar external fixation?
when you have pins that are connected by mutliple rods in multiple planes
88
what type of fixation is this?
multiplanar external fixation
89
what are the different aspects of rehabilitation for bone?
- Using the limb- retraining it with physiotherapy and using pain relief if necessary - Moving it - Strengthening it - Weight bearing (in case of lower limb)

musculoskeletal and rheumatology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions