1.A Natural Hazards Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of a Hazard
A
An event which has the potential to cause harm to the environment people or the economy.
2
Q
What is the definition of a Natural Hazard
A
An event caused by environmental processes, and would occur with the presence of humans.
3
Q
What is the difference between a hazard and a disaster
A
A natural Hazard is a natural event that has the potential to harm people and their property. Whereas a disaster only occurs when the potential is realised so actual harm occurs.
4
Q
What are the 4 types of natural hazards
A
1 Tectonic
2 Geomorphological
3 Atmospheric
4 Biological
5
Q
What are some examples of tectonic Natural Hazards
A
Earthquake, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis
6
Q
What are some examples of geomorphological natural hazards
A
Floods, landslides
7
Q
What are some examples of atmospheric natural hazards
A
Tropical Storms, droughts, tornadoes
8
Q
What are some examples of biological natural hazards
A
Pests, diseases
9
Q
What is a hazard Risk
A
The chance that an area and population will be affected by natural hazard
10
Q
What are the 6 factors affecting hazard risk
A
1 Population
2 Urbanisation and population density
3 Frequency and magnitude
4 Level of development
5 Prediction
6 Human activity
11
Q
What is the structure of the earth
Name the 4 layers with brief descriptions
A
- Inner core - 1400km thick, Composed of iron And nickel, temps of 5500°C
- Outer Core - 2100km thick, semi molten , temps around 5000-5500°C
- Mantle - 2900km thick, less dense than outer core
- Crust - thickness varies, made up of two types continental and oceanic
12
Q
Which type of crust is more older and why
A
Continental is older then oceanic because Oceanic crust is continually been created and destroyed as a result of plates moving, where it is denser and so subduction occurs under the continental crust. This is why the continental crust is much older than the oceanic crust as it isn’t destroyed.
13
Q
What dose tectonic theory state
A
Tectonic theory once stated the movement of plates was the result of convection currents in the mantle
14
Q
What is the current theory about tectonic movement
A
Current theory is called slab pull theory which suggests that the movement is the result of the weight of the denser, oceanic plate, subducted, and dragging the rest of the plates along.
15
Q
Where do earthquakes take place
A
At all types of plate boundaries
16
Q
Where do most earthquakes occur
(Name)
A
Ring of fire 90% of earthquake
Located in the pacific
17
Q
What what types of plate boundaries do volcanoes occurs
A
Constructive
Destructive
18
Q
What is a hot spot
A
Hotspots Occur away from the plate boundaries and are plumes/columns of magma, which escape through the earths crust.
19
Q
When describing the distribution of hazards from a map what 4 questions should u answer
A
What is the general pattern?
Does the pattern relate to anything else, For example the location of plate boundaries?
Are they close to the equator or far away?
Are they inland or costal?
20
Q
What are the 4 types of plate boundaries
A
Constructive
Conservative
Collision
Destructive
21
Q
What happens to the plate and hazards form at constructive plate boundaries
A
The plates are moving apart
Earthquakes and volcanos
22
Q
What happens to the plate and hazards form at destructive plate boundaries
A
The plates move into each other and the denser, heavier oceanic plate subducts under the lighter, less dense continental plate.
Both earthquakes and volcanoes
23
Q
What happens to the plate and hazards form at conservative plate boundaries
A
The plates move past each other passed in opposite directions or in the same direction at different speeds
Only earthquakes
24
Q
What happens to the plate and hazards form at collision plate boundaries
A
The plates move towards each other
Only earthquakes
25
What are the primary hazards to volcanoes
Ash, pyroclastic flow (clouds of super heavy material) , lava flow, gas’s emissions, volcanic bombs
26
What are the secondary hazards to volcanoes
Landslides, climate change, fires, floods
27
What are the primary hazard of earthquakes
Ground shaking, gas emissions
28
What are the secondary hazards of earthquakes
Buildings collapse, landslides, gas leaks, fires, soil liquefaction, subsidence, mudflows, tsunami
29
What are the primary effects of earthquakes
Buildings and homes, destroyed/damaged
people injured/killed,
transport routes destroyed/damaged,
water, gas, electric supplies cut
30
What’s are the secondary effects of earthquakes
Economy Slows as businesses take time to re-establish and money is spent on rebuilding
aid struggles to reach those in need due to damage/destroy transport routes,
fires start due to broken glass and electrics supplies
lack of clean water, lead to disease,
damage/destroyed homes, lead to homelessness,
food prices increase
31
What are the primary effects of volcanic eruption
Buildings, homes and farmland, destroyed/damaged
people injured/killed
transport routes, destroyed/damaged
atmosphere, water supply, crops contaminated
32
What are the secondary effects of volcanic eruption
Economy slows as business takes time to re-establish and money is spent on rebuilding
lack of clean water leads to disease
destroyed homes lead to homelessness
flooding caused by ice/snow melting on the volcano slopes may also cause lahars
food prices increase
33
What is a immediate response and couple examples
Immediate in the days and weeks after the event
For Example, rescue team searched for survivors.
Medical assistance for those injured
shelters provided for homeless
food and water, provided
recovery and burial of bodies
warning issued if possible and evacuation
34
What is a long term response and couple examples
Long term responses is in the months and years after the event
For example, rebuilding homes and other buildings,
improving building regulations
improved drills evacuation plans and warning systems,
repair water, gas, electricity supplies
Money given to farms to seed and new livestock
data from eruptions are used to improve future predictions government planning improved
transport routes rebuilt
35
Why do people continue to live in areas at risk of hazard
Fertile soils
Tourism
Mineral and precious stones
Geothermal energy
Creating new land area
People done want to leave family and friends
They have always lived there and don’t want to leave
Can’t afford to live anywhere else
36
What are the 4 methods of reducing hazard risk
Monitoring
Prediction
Protection
Planning
37
What is the short description of the global atmospheric circulation
The Global atmospheric circulation can be described as a worldwide system of winds, moving heat from the equator to the poles to reach a balance in temperature
38
What movement of air generates wind
Air always moves from high pressure to low pressure
39
Why is there pressure difference on the earths surface
This Pressure difference is because the Sun heats the Earth surface unevenly. The Sun’s rays first reach the equator then at the polls due to earths curvature and the angle of the earths tilt.
40
True or false : Hot air rises, and cooler air sinks
True
41
What is the name of the process when hot air rises and cool air sinks
Convection
42
Dose air rise or fall at the equator line
Hot air rises
43
True or false : there is lots of rain at the equator
True because hot air rises forms clouds which them can rain
44
If air is rising is there high or low pressure
Low pressure
45
What are the conditions like 30° north and south of the equator
Cold air falls and there is high pressure, no clouds dry dressers like areas
46
What are the conditions like 60° north and south of the equator
Hot air rises and low pressure, lots of rainfall
47
What are the conditions like 90° north and south of the equator
Air falls, high pressure
48
What is then name of the cells going from the equator to 30° north or south
Hadley cells
49
What is then name of the cells going from the 30° north or south to the 60° north or south
Ferrel cells
50
What is then name of the cells going from the 60° north or south to the 90° north or south
Polar cells
51
True or false : Hadley cells are the largest and polar are the smallest
True
52
What are prevailing winds
The Direction, the wind most frequently blows from
53
What is the Coriolis effect
The Coriolis effect is the appearance that global winds and oceans current curve as they move
the coriolis is due to the earths rotation on its axis and this forces the winds to actually blow diagonally
the coriolis affect influences the wind direction around the world in this way:
the northern hemisphere it curves winds to the right
the southern hemisphere curves them to the left
54
What is the exception to the coriolis effect
The exception is when there is low pressure system in the system is the wind flows and reverse anticlockwise to the northern and southern hemisphere, these are called Ferrell cells
55
What are the 3 different names for tropical storms and the regions where they call them this
Typhoons - South China Sea west pacific
Hurricane- surrounding South America
Cyclones - Indian Ocean
56
What are the conditions for a tropical storms
Sea **temperatures must be 27°C** and above to allow water to rise, quickly, causing an area of intense low pressure
They only form **between 5° and 10° north and south of the equator**
The Rising air draws further **moist, warm air** from the ocean surface, **generating stronger**
57
How do tropical storms develop/form
1. The air is heated above the surface of warm tropical oceans, hence the need for at least 27°
2. This warm air rises rapidly, drawing more air and larger volumes of moisture from the ocean, causing stronger winds
3. The rising air will cool and condensed to form tall cumulonimbus clouds, this releases the latent heat which is energy that is released without a change in temperature which powers the tropical storm. There will be low winds present that allow the tropical storm clouds to rise high without being torn apart.
4. The winds start to spin upwards due to the coriolis effect, The effect of the earths axis
5. In the centre of the storm, there is the eye., where conditions are calm this is formed by cool air sinking, creating s some of high-pressure leading to calm dry conditions.
6. The storm will be steered by trade winds towards the land. Once it makes landfall the energy will start to subside as the storm has lost its source of power.
58
How dose climate change effect tropical storms
Global temperatures are set to rise as a result of global warming. **More of the worlds oceans will be about 27°C** Therefore more place across the world to experience tropical storms oceans will **say at 27° or higher for longer during the year** which will increase the annual number of tropical storms **higher temperatures will mean storms will be stronger and more frequent and cause more damage**
59
What is the rating system used for how damaging a tropical stone ppm can be
1-5
Called safari- Simpson 5 point scale of wind strength
1 being mild 5 being catastrophic
60
What are the 3 ways to reduce the effects of a tropical storm
Monitoring - forecasting / prediction
Planning - evaluating routes
Protection - building more resistible buildings and infrastructure
61
What’s the UK climate
The Uk has mild, seasonal climate-cool, wet winters and warm, wet summers
62
How dose the North Atlantic drift effect the UK
Oceans currents bring warm waters from the Caribbean to the west coast if the uk
This keeps the west coast of the uk warmer than other regions
63
What are the air masses like for arctic/polar, tropical, maritime, continental
Arctic/polar cold air
Tropical warm air
Maritime wet air
Continental dry air
64
What are the 5 air masses that bring different weather into the uk
Polar maritime - cold and wet
Arctic maritime - very cold and wet
Polar continental- cold and dry
Tropical continental - warm and dry
Tropical maritime - warm and wet
65
What are the 7 types of weather hazards in the UK
Rain - flooding causes damages to homes
Wind - strong gales damage properties
Heatwave - long periods of extreme heat weather causes breathing difficulties, pollution is held in the air as their is no wind to move it
Thunderstorm - hailstorms, make driving difficult
Drought - water supplies run low
Snow &ice - causes injury through slips and falls
66
what does mitigation mean
managing something
67
What dose IPCC
International panel on climate change
68
How is global warming effecting extreme weather
Global warming increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events through increased evaporation and rainfall
69
What is the Quaternary period
The last 2.6 million years when there have been 60 cold periods and warmer interglacial periods
70
When did the last ice age end
12000 years ago
71
What are the 4 types of evidence for climate change
- ice cores
- preserved pollen
- historical sources such as diaries, art and weather records
- tree rings
72
What is recent evidence for climate change
- glaciers reducing in size and melting ice ( artic sea is at its all time low)
- rising sea levers ( warm water expands, melting ice adds water)
- plant and tree flowering patterns changing
- bird migration times have altered
- shorter hibernation
- bird nesting occurring earlier
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74
75
How do tree rings tell us about climate change
Further away the gaps between the rings the hotter the temperature was at the time
Closer together meaning colder conditions
76
How do preserved pollen / fossil pollen help track climate change
Indicated type of vegetation that grew in the area and there fir what climate was like at that time.
77
How does ice cores indicate past climate
They trap atmospheric samples of air within the ice sheets they can be studied for different ratios of gasses in the air
78
What is the green house effect
It is essential to survive on earth
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allows **short wave radiation from the Sun** through to the Earth surface.
The greenhouse gases **absorb some of the long wave radiation**(heat) and stop it from radiating out into space.
This maintains the earths average temperature
Without the greenhouse effect the average temperature would be -18°C.
79
What are the 5 greenhouse gasses and how do they get in the atmosphere
Carbon dioxide/monoxide - volcanic eruptions, wildfires and respiration
Methane - emitted from oceans and solid as a part of decomposition, termites also emit methane
Water vapour - evaporation from oceans and seas and plants
Nitrous oxide - soils and oceans
80
What are the 4 causes of natural climate change
1. Milankovitch cycles
2. Volcanic eruptions
3. Sunspot activities
4. Atmospheric dust
81
What is the impact of the milankovitch cycles
- long-term changes to the earths orbit and position. This changes how much solar radiation the Earth receives
- The earths orbit changes every 100,000 years more circular orbit leads to cooler periods and elliptical orbit leads to warmer periods
- The earths tilt varies every 40,000 years and the greater the tilt the hotter the summers are, and the colder the winters are
- every 24,000 years, the earth wobble on its axis, and this can affect the seasonal temperature
82
How do volcanic eruptions impact climate change
- large-scale eruptions need to advance quantities of ash being injected into the atmosphere
- ash in the atmosphere blocks solar radiation leading to decreases in the temperature
- global dimming
83
How does sunspot activity impact climate change
- increased sunspot activity is linked to higher average temperatures
84
How does atmospheric dust impact climate change
- asteroids and meteors entering the earths atmosphere may increase the amount of dust, which decreases temperatures
85
What is the enchanted green house effect
- more heat is absorbed by the greenhouse gases and there is an increase in greenhouse gases, meaning, less like an exit through the long wave radiation, meaning they stay on the earths atmosphere for longer heating the Earth or longer
86
What are the sources from human activity of carbon dioxide
- burning fossil fuels
- burning wood
- deforestation (fewer trees there is less CO2 being remove from the atmosphere)
87
What are the sources I’d human activity for methane
- decay of organic matter
- released by cattle
- during rice cultivation
88
What are the sources I’d human activity for nitrous oxide
- artificial fertilisers
- burning fossil fuels
89
How are fossil fuels and green houses gasses produced during agricultural
- deforestation to clear land for grazing and crops leads to less carbon dioxide, being absorbed during photosynthesis.
- The production of fertilisers and pesticides uses fossil fuels
- increased raising of dairy and beef cattle as well as rice cultivation increases, methane, admissions
- artificial fertilisers also increase the amount of nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere.
90
What are the social effects of climate change on **health**
**health**
- increased temperature and lack of precipitation may lead to spread of diseases.
- Heat waves become more frequent, which can lead to heatstroke, dehydration and sunburn increases
- during heat waves respiratory diseases increase and those suffering from respiratory illnesses such as asthma may be more affected.
- Increased temperatures negatively affects people with cardio pulmonary disease
- diets may be restricted by food shortages, leaving some malnutrition and famine.
- Milder winters may lead to fewer winter related deaths
91
What are the social effects of climate change on **employment**
- loss of job opportunities due to changes in tourism and and agriculture
92
What are the social effects of climate change on **homes**
- increased flooding due to see levels rising and increase frequency of severity of storms will lead to displacement of large number of people
93
What are the economic effects of climate change on **agriculture**
- Farmers may need to change the crop they growth of climate conditions become unsuitable
- coastal flooding may lead to salt intrusion
- reduced availability of water will mean that irrigation is limited or impossible.
- Food shortages will lead to malnourishment and famine.
94
What are the economic effects of climate change on **employment**
- Job opportunities may change or decrease because:
-Tourism may decline in some areas for Example, ski resorts in a closed due to the lack of is reliable snow
- coastal resorts may become at risk of flooding leading to closure.
- Farmers may have to change the crop they grow or livestock they raise or leave forming
- in some areas agriculture may decline due to rising temperatures or change rainfall patterns
- declining fishing in some areas due to the changing ocean temperatures
95
What are the economic effects of climate change on **settlements**
- Settlements in low-lying areas may have to be abandoned or need additional defences against sealevel rise
- moving settlements or improving food defences will be costly
96
What are the environmental effects of climate change on **sea level rises**
X warmer temperatures cause the water in seas and oceans to expand, increasing sea level
97
What are the environmental effects of climate change on **melting ice**
-is adding to the increase volume of water.
- Average three levels have risen 23 cm since 1880
- sea levels are forecast to increase a further 30 cm by 2050.
98
What effect does climate change have on natural hazards
Increases the intensity
99
Which biomes are at risk of becoming extinct as they cannot shift any further north/south
Tundra
Polar
100
How has coral bleaching come about
- increase in temperature and ocean acidification result in coral bleaching
- Coral bleaching is where the coral expel the algae living in their tissues, causing the cold to turn completely white
101
What are the 4 forms of mitigation against climate change
- international agreement
- alternative energy production
- afforestation
- carbon capture and storage
102
Mitigation as international agreements what are the main 4
- **earth summit, Rio 1992** - set out aims to stabiles greenhouse gas levels
- **Kyoto protocol 1997** - 150 countries agreed to reduce carbon emissions, reduce by 1990, developing countries like china and India where exempt from the agreement, the USA didn’t sign up, Canada withdraw in 2011 stating that without china and USA it wouldn’t work
- **Paris agreement 2015** - limit global warming by 2°c above pre industrial level, reduce carbon by 60% by 2050, singled by 196 countries including USA and china (USA withdrew in 2020 and later rejoined in 2021)
- **conference of pastures (COP)** - United Nations hold annual metering to discuss climate change, COP26 was held in Glasgow 2021 , all nations agreed to take action to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions
103
Carbon capture as mitigation
- capture and removes carbon dioxide before it is emitted
- The carbon dioxide is then compressed and stored underground.
- This is an expensive process and it’s not economically viable yet.
- It is unknown whether this carbon dioxide will be able to be stored long time.
104
What are the ways people can adapt to the impacts for climate change
- change in agricultural systems,
- managing water supplies
- reducing risk from rising sea levels
105
What is the name of my case study for uk extreme weather
Somerset levels
106
What’s the name for the case study for tropical storm
Cyclone Idai
107
What’s the name of the case study for HIC and LIC tectonic hazard
Nepal and Japan
