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Biol 243 Midterm > 1B > Flashcards

1B Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Components of DNA

A
  1. Pentose sugar (RNA-ribose or DNA-deoxyribose)
  2. Nitrogenous base… Purine (adenine guanine) and Pyrimidine (cytosine, uracil,thymine)
  3. Phosphate
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2
Q

RNA vs DNA sugar

A

RNA-ribose is pentose with OH, OH

DNA-deoxyribose is pentose with OH, H

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3
Q

Where is the diff between DNA and RNA

A

2’carbon

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4
Q

Nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

A

Pyrimidine (1 ring-6): cytosine (NH2, N, O, NH) AND thymine (Ch3, O, NH, O, NH) AND uracil (O, NH, O, NH)

Purine (2 rings-5): adenine (NH2) AND guanine (O, NH, NH2, N)

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5
Q

Where do ribose/deoxyribose sugars bind on purines

A

N9

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6
Q

Where do ribose/deoxyribose sugar bind on Pyrimidine

A

N1

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7
Q

Nucleoside?

A

Sugar+base

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8
Q

Deoxyribonucleoside?

A

2-deoxyribose sugar+ purine/Pyrimidine base

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9
Q

Where does the nitrogenous base bind on the deoxyribonucleoside….

A

C1’ of deoxyribose/ribose

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10
Q

What is deoxyadenosine

A

2-d+ adenine

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11
Q

Deoxyguanosine

A

2D+ guanosine

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12
Q

Thymidine??

A

2D+ thymine

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13
Q

Ribonucleoside??

A

Ribose sugar+ purine/Pyrimidine base

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14
Q

Adenosine

A

Ribose+ adenine

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15
Q

Guanosine

A

Ribose+ guanine

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16
Q

Cytosine?

A

Ribose+ cytosine

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17
Q

Uridine

A

Ribose+ uracil

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18
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleoside+phosphate

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19
Q

Where is the phosphate group attached on nucleotides

A

C5’ of ribose/deoxyribose sugar

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20
Q

.dATP

A

Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (3x PO4, deoxyribose, adenine)

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21
Q

.dTTP

A

Deoxythymidine triphosphate (3x PO4, deoxyribose, thymine)

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22
Q

.dGTP

A

Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (deoxyribose,3xPO4, guanine)

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23
Q

.dCTP

A

Deoxycytidine triphosphate(deoxyribose, 3xPO4, cytosine)

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24
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides

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25
How do nucleotide monomers polymerize (assemble)
Phosphodiester bonds (C-O-P-O-C)
26
What bonds make the pentose-phosphate backbone
Covalent bonds between phosphate and C3 and C5 of 2 pentose sugar
27
What is 5’ end of DNA
PO4 end
28
What is 3’ end of DNA?
Hydroxyl end
29
Is DNA polar or nonpolar
Polar (5’ PO4 and 3’ OH)
30
What is the charge on DNA
Neg. Cause neg. PO4
31
3D structure of DNA components
1. Linear 2. Pentose-phosphate backbone 3. Nitrogenous bases in nucleotide held code
32
Erwin chargaff conclusions
1. Chargaff’s rule: %A=%T, %C=%G 2. %purines (A+G)=%pyrimidines (C+T) 3. A,C,G,T are never equal amounts
33
What was chargaff testing
Quantities of 4 nitrogenous bases in organisms
34
Rosalind franklin conclusion
X-Ray diffraction 1. DNA is cylindrical 2. Bases were stacked (periodicity) 3. X-shape
35
Watson and Crick conclusion
1. Phosphate pentose backbone spiral (double helix) 2. Anti parallel 5->3, 3->5 3. Purine pairs with Pyrimidine 4. Backbone/exterior is hydrophilic…. Base/interior is hydrophobic
36
What type of bonding between purine and Pyrimidine nitrogenous base
Hydrogen bond
37
What does guanine pair with
Cytosine
38
What does adenine pair with
Thymine
39
How many hydrogen bonds between G and C
3
40
How may h-bonds between adenine and thymine
2
41
Nucleic acid hybridization
1.temperature driven 2. [] dependent 2 options 1. Denature (alkali and heat)-> reaneal (cool)… DNA and DNA 2. Denature and add RNA-> RNA hybridizes to complementary DNA strand… DNA-RNA hybrid
42
Where are DNA-RNA hybrids
DNA replication Transcription Reproducing RNA viruses
43
Watson and Cricks conclusion
1. Complementary base pairing=> parental strand as template for DNA replication of new strands 2. Parental strand unwind (break h-bond) 3.semi conservative replication… parental+new 4. Direction of replication is 5->3
44
DNA general organization
-DNA with proteins=> chromosomes -Chromatin=> region of DNA with protein on chromosome
45
Prokaryote DNA
Circular chromosome (1) + many small independent circular DNA (plasmids in cytoplasm)
46
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Linear and enclosed in nucleus
47
Critical components of eukaryotic chromosomes
-DNA replication (chromosome duplication)-> chromosome transmitted to each daughter cell (mitosis/meiosis) 1. Origin of replication 2. Centromere 3. Telomeres
48
Origin of replication??
DNA sequence along chromosome which initiate DNA replication
49
Centromere?
DNA sequence need for correct segregation along kinetic horse where mitosis spindle attaches
50
Telomere use??
DNA sequence at end of chromosome… prevent degradation and allow proper replication of chromosomal ends
51
Are the majority of eukaryotic cells diploid or haploid
Diploid (2 copies of each chromosome->homologous chromosomes)
52
Which eukaryotic cells are haploid
(1 copy of chromosome+ diff copy of 1 chromosome) Sexually-reproductive cells
53
Can eukaryotes be polyploid
Yes… ex: large protists have more than 2 chromosome sets
54
Why is DNA organized as chromosomes
1. Compact=> fit in cell/nucleus 2. Protect DNA from damage (shield) 3. Chromosome easily separated and transmitted to each daughter cell during cell division
55
Histone?
Basic positively charged protein… DNA winds around this
56
Nucleoside
Histone octameter (many DNA wrapped around)
57
What forms chromatin fibre
H1 (histone( linker DNA) and nucleosome
58
What type of histone do prokaryotes have
Prokaryotes dont have histones
59
Is dna packing/compaction uniform??
NAHHHH
60
Euchromatin??
-Region with lower DNA compaction -genes actively expressed
61
Heterochromatin
-high DNA compaction of chromosomal region -gene expression silenced
62
Constitutive heterochromatin
DNA HIGHLY compacted Aka centromere and subtelomeric region
63
Facultative heterochromatin
Switch to euchromatin depending on cell type and during development

Biol 243 Midterm (8 decks)

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