1B. Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior: Etiology & Treatment

Question 1

the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions

Answer 1

etiolology

Question 2

is often important to the study of psychological disorders. Ilf a new drug or psychosocial treatment is successful in treating a disorder, it may give us some hints about the nature of the disorder and its causes

Answer 2

treatment

Question 3

three major mode/s that have guided us date back to the beginnings of civilization

Answer 3

supernatural tradition
biological tradition
psychological tradition

Question 4

true or false: for much of our recorded history, deviant behavior has been considered a reflection of the battle between good and evil

Answer 4

true

Question 5

in the ____ from 900 to 600 b.c., all physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil

Answer 5

Great Persian Empire

Question 6

people increasingly turned to ____ to solve their problems; during
these turbulent times, the bizarre behavior of people afflicted with psychological disorders was seen as the work of the devil and witches

Answer 6

magic and sorcery

Question 7

during the late 1300s, both religious leaders and regular people strongly believed in ____

Answer 7

demons and witches

Question 8

true or false: it followed that individuals possessed by evil spirits were probably responsible for any misfortunenexperienced by people in the local community, which inspired drastic action against the possessed

Answer 8

true

Question 9

treatments included ____, in which various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits

Answer 9

exorcism

Question 10

other approaches included ____ and ____ so that they might benefit from hearing Mass

Answer 10

shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head; securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church

Question 11

a surgical procedure involving the creation of a hole in the skull, traditionally done by scraping, sawing, or drilling; one of the oldest documented surgical techniques

Answer 11

trephination

Question 12

mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, although symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by the church with the ____, or ____

Answer 12

sin of acedia; sloth

Question 13

refers to a person’s inability or unwillingness to engage in meaningful activities, leading to feelings of indifference, boredom, and neglect of responsibilities, especially in spiritual or moral areas of life

Answer 13

sin of acedia, or sloth

Question 14

true or false: with a perceived connection between evil deeds and sin on the one hand and psychological disorders on the other, it is logical to conclude that the sufferer is largely responsible for the disorder, which might well be a
punishment for evil deeds

Answer 14

true

Question 15

the ____ was associated with a similar belief among some people, particularly in the late 1980s and early 1990s; because the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is, in Western societies, most prevalent among individuals with homosexual orientation, many people believed it was a divine punishment for what they considered immoral behavior

Answer 15

AIDS epidemic

Question 16

true or false: possession is not always connected with sin but may be seen as involuntary, and the possessed individual as blameless

Answer 16

true

Question 17

in the Middle Ages, if exorcism failed, some authorities thought that steps werenecessary to make the body uninhabitable by evil spirits, and many people were subjected to ____, ____, and
____.

Answer 17

confinement, beatings, other forms of torture

Question 18

true or false: other treatments for possession include hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes might scare the evil spirits right out of their bodies and dunking in ice-cold water

Answer 18

true

Question 19

in Europe, whole groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as if they were at a particularly wild party late at night

Answer 19

mass hysteria

Question 20

two other names for mass hysteria

Answer 20

Saint Vitus’s Dance
tarantism

Question 21

a phenomenon where fear and panic spread so deeply that people actually began to experience physical symptoms

Answer 21

mass hysteria

Question 22

the neurological illness that possibly caused Saint Vitus’s dance

Answer 22

Sydenham’s chorea

Question 23

farther south, in Italy, a similar to mass hysteria madness struck; locals blamed the bite of a tarantula spider, where victims claimed they had to dance wildly to sweat out the venom

Answer 23

tarantism

Question 24

mass hysteria may simply demonstrate the ____ contagion, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread of those around us

Answer 24

phenomenon of emotion

Question 25

true or false: people are also suggestible when they are in states of high emotion

Answer 25

true

Question 26

in popular language, this shared response is sometimes referred to as ____

Answer 26

mob psychology

Question 27

a Swiss physician, who lived from 1493 to 1541, rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people's psychological functioning

Answer 27

Paracelsus

Question 28

he speculated that the gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids might be a possible cause of mental disorders

Answer 28

Paracelsus

Question 29

this influential theory of Paracelsus inspired the word ____, which is derived from the Latin word luna, meaning "moon"

Answer 29

lunatic

Question 30

the father of modern Western medicine

Answer 30

Hippocrates

Question 31

Hippocrates and his associates left this body of work, written between 450 and 350 b.c, in which they suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease

Answer 31

Hippocratic Corpus

Question 32

true or false: Hippocrates and his associates did not limit their search for the causes of psychopathology to the general area of "disease, because they believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity (genetics)

Answer 32

true

Question 33

true or false: Hippocrates considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion; therefore, disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain

Answer 33

true

Question 34

he recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology

Answer 34

Hippocrates

Question 35

this Roman physician (approximately a.d. 129-198) later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them further, creating a powerful and influential school of thought within the biological tradition that extended well into the 19th century

Answer 35

Galen

Question 36

one of the more interesting and influential legacies of the Hippocratic-Galenic approach

Answer 36

humoral theory of disorders

Question 37

four bodily fluids or humors that Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to

Answer 37

blood yellow bile black bile phlegm

Question 38

from the humor phlegm; indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress

Answer 38

phlegmatic

Question 39

from yellow bile or choler; hot tempered

Answer 39

choleric

Question 40

describes someone who is ruddy in complexion; cheerful and optimistic, although insomnia and delirium were thought to be caused by excessive blood in the brain

Answer 40

sanguine

Question 41

means depressive; thought to be caused by black bile flooding the brain

Answer 41

melancholic

Question 42

true or false: in ancient China and throughout Asia, a similar idea existed, focusing on the movement of air or "wind" throughout the body

Answer 42

true

Question 43

unexplained mental disorders were caused by blockages of wind or the presence of cold, dark wind (____) as opposed to warm, life-sustaining wind (____)

Answer 43

yin; yang

Question 44

he also coined the word hysteria to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians, who had identified what we now call the somatic symptom disorders

Answer 44

Hippocrates

Question 45

the physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found

Answer 45

somatic symptom disorders

Question 46

the biological tradition waxed and waned during the centuries after Hippocrates and Galen but was reinvigorated in the 19th century because of two factors:

Answer 46

discovery of the nature and cause of syphilis strong support from John P. Grey

Question 47

sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors

Answer 47

syphilis

Question 48

syphilis was designated a disease, ____, because it had consistent symptoms (presentation) and a consistent course that resulted in death

Answer 48

general paresis

Question 49

the champion of the biological tradition in the United States that was the most influential American psychiatrist of the time

Answer 49

John P. Grey

Question 50

true or false: Grey's position was that the causes of insanity were always physical; therefore, the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Grey even invented the ____ to ventilate his large hospital

Answer 51

rotary fan

Question 52

true or false: in the 19th century, psychological disorders were attributed to mental or emotional stress, so patients were often treated sympathetically in a restful and hygienic environment

Answer 52

true

Question 53

in 1927, a Viennese physician, ____, began using increasingly higher dosages until, finally, patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose

Answer 53

Manfred Sakel

Question 54

procedure where insulin was occasionally given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, but it also seemed to calm them down; it was abandoned because it was too dangerous, often resulting in prolonged coma or even death

Answer 54

insulin shock therapy

Question 55

he discovered accidentally, and then confirmed experimentally in the 1750s, that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm

Answer 55

Benjamin Franklin

Question 56

a number of medicinal substances, including ____ (derived from poppies), had been used as sedatives, along with countless herbs and folk remedies

Answer 56

opium

Question 57

with the discovery of ____ (reserpine) and another class of drugs called ____ (major tranquilizers), hallucinatory and delusional thought processes could be diminished in some patients; these drugs also controlled agitation and aggressiveness

Answer 57

Rauwolfia serpentine; neuroleptics

Question 58

minor tranquilizers which seemed to reduce anxiety

Answer 58

benzodiazepines

Question 59

thought that the two causes of maladaptive behavior were the social and cultural influences in one's life and the learning that took place in that environment

Answer 59

Plato

Question 60

he also emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology

Answer 60

Aristotle

Question 61

this term actually referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct

Answer 61

moral

Question 62

its basic tenets included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possiblebin a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction, thus providing them with many opportunities for appropriate social and interpersonal contact

Answer 62

moral therapy

Question 63

she campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity

Answer 63

Dorothea Dix

Question 64

Dix's work became known as the ____

Answer 64

mental hygiene movement

Question 65

aimed to improve mental health care, promote more humane treatment, and spread awareness that mental illnesses could and should be treated with compassion and proper care

Answer 65

mental hygiene movement

Question 66

true or false: Dix's movement started with good intentions, but overcrowding and underfunding made it hard to keep moral therapy alive

Answer 66

true